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MR neuroimaging: brain, spine, peripheral nerves / [edited by] Michael Forsting, Olav Jansen. — 1 online resource : illustrations. — "An authorized translation of the 2nd German edition published and copyrighted 2014.". — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/1447318.pdf>.Дата создания записи: 07.12.2015 Тематика: Brain — Magnetic resonance imaging.; Central nervous system — Magnetic resonance imaging.; Nerves, Peripheral — Magnetic resonance imaging.; Central nervous system — Diseases.; Magnetic resonance imaging.; HEALTH & FITNESS / Diseases / General; MEDICAL / Clinical Medicine; MEDICAL / Diseases; MEDICAL / Evidence-Based Medicine; MEDICAL / Internal Medicine; Central nervous system — Diseases.; Magnetic resonance imaging.; Central Nervous System Diseases — diagnosis.; Magnetic Resonance Imaging — methods.; Neuroimaging — methods. Коллекции: EBSCO Разрешенные действия: –
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Оглавление
- MR Neuroimaging: Brain, Spine, Peripheral Nerves
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Abbreviations
- Part I Brain
- 1 Anatomy
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Brain Structures
- 1.2.1 Cerebrum
- 1.2.2 Cerebellum
- 1.2.3 Brainstem
- 1.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Structures
- 1.3 Brain Surface
- 1.3.1 Illustrative Cases
- Case 1
- Case 2
- Case 3
- Case 4
- 1.3.1 Illustrative Cases
- 1.4 Sectional Imaging Anatomy
- 1.4.1 White Matter
- 1.4.2 Commissures
- Corpus Callosum
- Anterior Commissure
- Posterior Commissure
- Commissura Habenularum
- 1.4.3 Deep Gray Matter
- 1.4.4 Brainstem and Cerebellum
- Midsagittal Plane
- Parasagittal Planes
- Axial Planes
- Coronal Planes
- 1.4.5 Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory Nerves and Olfactory Bulb (Cranial Nerve I)
- Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
- Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
- Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
- Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
- Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
- Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
- Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
- Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
- Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
- 1.5 Variants of Brain Anatomy without Clinical Significance
- Further Reading
- 2 Vascular Diseases
- 2.1 Cerebral Ischemia
- 2.1.1 Epidemiology
- 2.1.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- 2.1.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
- Large-Vessel Disease
- Small-Vessel Disease
- Rare Causes of Stroke
- 2.1.4 MRI Findings
- Large-Vessel Infarcts
- Small-Vessel Infarcts
- Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
- Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy
- Other Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Diseases
- 2.2 Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- 2.2.1 Epidemiology
- 2.2.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- 2.2.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
- 2.2.4 MRI Findings
- Arteriovenous Angiomas
- Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
- Cavernomas
- Capillary Telangiectasia
- Developmental Venous Anomaly
- 2.3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- 2.3.1 Epidemiology
- 2.3.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- 2.3.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
- 2.3.4 MRI Findings
- 2.4 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
- 2.4.1 Epidemiology
- 2.4.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- 2.4.3 Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
- 2.4.4 MRI Findings
- Further Reading
- 2.1 Cerebral Ischemia
- 3 Brain Tumors
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Astrocytic Tumors
- 3.2.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- 3.2.2 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
- 3.2.3 Diffuse Astrocytoma
- 3.2.4 Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma
- 3.2.5 Gliosarcoma
- 3.2.6 Gliomatosis Cerebri
- 3.3 Nonastrocytic Gliomas
- 3.3.1 Olidodendroglioma and Anaplastic Olidodendroglioma
- 3.3.2 Oligoastrocytic Tumor
- 3.3.3 Ependymoma
- 3.3.4 Subependymoma
- 3.3.5 Anaplastic Ependymoma
- 3.4 Neuroepithelial Tumors
- 3.4.1 Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma
- 3.4.2 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
- 3.4.3 Central Neurocytoma
- 3.4.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
- 3.4.5 Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma (Lhermitte–Duclos Disease)
- 3.4.6 Hypothalamic/Tuber Cinereum Hamartoma
- 3.5 Embryonal Tumors
- 3.5.1 Medulloblastoma
- 3.5.2 Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
- 3.6 Meningeal Tumors
- 3.6.1 Meningioma
- 3.6.2 Nonmeningeal Mesenchymal Tumors
- 3.6.3 Hemangiopericytoma
- 3.6.4 Primary Melanocytic Lesion
- 3.7 Pineal Tumors
- 3.7.1 Pineoblastoma
- 3.7.2 Pineocytoma
- 3.7.3 Pineal Cyst
- 3.7.4 Germinoma
- 3.7.5 Pineal Teratoma
- 3.8 Tumors of the Sellar Region
- 3.8.1 Pituitary Adenoma
- 3.8.2 Craniopharyngioma
- 3.8.3 Dysontogenetic Lesions
- Pars Intermedia and Colloid Cysts
- Rathke Cleft Cyst
- Epidermoid
- Dermoid
- Ectopic Neurohypophysis
- 3.8.4 Germinoma
- 3.8.5 Chordoma and Chondroma
- Chordoma
- Chondroma
- 3.8.6 Optic Nerve Glioma
- 3.8.7 Paraganglioma
- 3.8.8 Infundibular Tumor
- 3.9 Metastases
- 3.9.1 Meningeal Metastases
- Dural Metastases
- Leptomeningeal Metastases
- 3.9.2 Parenchymal Metastases
- 3.9.1 Meningeal Metastases
- 3.10 Miscellaneous Tumors
- 3.10.1 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma
- 3.10.2 Choroid Plexus Tumors (Choroid Plexus Papilloma and Carcinoma)
- Choroid Plexus Cyst
- Xanthogranulomas
- 3.10.3 Choroid Plexus Papilloma
- 3.10.4 Hemangioblastoma
- 3.10.5 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
- Schwannoma
- Neurofibroma
- Neurofibrosarcoma
- 3.10.6 Esthesioneuroblastoma
- 3.11 Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumorlike Lesions
- 3.11.1 Arachnoid Cyst
- 3.11.2 Neuroepithelial Cyst
- 3.11.3 Colloid Cyst
- 3.11.4 Epidermoid
- 3.11.5 Dermoid
- 3.11.6 Lipoma
- Further Reading
- 4 HeadTrauma
- 4.1 Introduction and Epidemiology
- 4.2 Classification and Clinical Grading
- 4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Head Trauma
- 4.3.1 Role of MRI in Trauma Diagnosis
- 4.3.2 Examination Technique
- 4.3.3 MRI Detection of Intracranial Hemorrhage
- 4.3.4 Prognostic Value of MRI
- 4.4 Primary Traumatic Lesions
- 4.4.1 Skull Fractures
- 4.4.2 Epidural Hematoma
- Acute Epidural Hematoma
- Chronic Epidural Hematoma
- 4.4.3 Subdural Hematoma
- Acute Subdural Hematoma
- Chronic Subdural Hematoma
- 4.4.4 Subdural Hygroma
- 4.4.5 Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- 4.4.6 Intraventricular Hemorrhage
- 4.4.7 Cranial Nerve Injuries
- 4.4.8 Brain Contusions
- 4.4.9 Shearing Injuries (Diffuse Axonal Injury)
- 4.4.10 Intracerebral Hematomas
- 4.4.11 Traumatic Lesions of the Brainstem and Basal Ganglia
- 4.4.12 Primary Vascular Lesions
- 4.5 Secondary Traumatic Lesions
- 4.5.1 Brain Edema
- 4.5.2 Herniation Syndromes
- Subfalcine Herniation
- Descending Transtentorial Herniation
- Ascending Transtentorial Herniation
- Tonsillar Herniation
- 4.5.3 Secondary Brainstem Lesions
- 4.5.4 Brain Death
- 4.5.5 Secondary Vascular Lesions
- Transfalcial Herniation
- Descending Transtentorial Herniation
- Combined Subfalcine and Transtentorial Herniation
- 4.5.6 Infection
- 4.5.7 Growing Fracture
- 4.5.8 Chronic Changes After Head Trauma
- Further Reading
- 5 Infections
- 5.1 Infectious Diseases of the Meninges
- 5.2 Infectious Diseases of the Brain Parenchyma
- 5.2.1 Viral Encephalitis
- Herpes Simplex Viral Encephalitis
- Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
- Epstein–Barr Virus Encephalitis
- Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
- Congenital Rubella Encephalitis
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis
- Rabies Encephalitis
- Measles
- HIV Encephalitis and Encephalopathy
- Other, Less Common Viral Encephalitides
- Differential Diagnosis
- 5.2.2 Bacterial Infections
- Pyogenic Cerebritis and Bacterial Brain Abscess
- Neurotuberculosis
- Lyme Disease
- Neurosyphilis
- Listeriosis
- Whipple's Disease
- 5.2.3 Parasitic Brain Diseases
- Toxoplasmosis
- Neurocysticercosis
- Paragonimiasis
- Echinococcosis
- Amebiasis
- Sparganosis
- 5.2.4 Fungal Infections
- Aspergillosis
- Candidiasis
- Mucormycosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Cryptococcosis
- 5.2.5 Rickettsioses
- 5.2.6 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease)
- 5.2.1 Viral Encephalitis
- 5.3 Special Aspects of Postnatal (Congenital) Infections
- 5.3.1 Infectious Meningitis
- Neonates
- Infants and Small Children
- 5.3.2 Tuberculous Meningitis
- 5.3.3 Brain Abscess
- 5.3.4 Encephalitis in Children
- 5.3.5 Less Common Pediatric Encephalitides
- 5.3.6 Fungal Diseases in Children
- 5.3.1 Infectious Meningitis
- Further Reading
- 6 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Epidemiology
- 6.3 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
- 6.3.1 Clinical Course
- Categories
- 6.3.2 Diagnosis
- 6.3.3 Treatment and Response
- 6.3.1 Clinical Course
- 6.4 Pathology
- 6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 6.5.1 Examination Technique
- Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- New Techniques
- 6.5.2 MRI Findings
- Primary Demyelinating Diseases
- Diseases with Secondary Demyelination or Destruction of White Matter
- 6.5.1 Examination Technique
- 6.6 Differential Diagnosis
- Further Reading
- 7 Metabolic Disorders
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Metabolic Brain Disorders
- 7.2.1 Diffusion-WeightedMRI
- 7.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 7.3 Normal Myelination in Children
- 7.4 Metabolic Disorders Primarily Affecting the White Matter
- 7.4.1 Leukodystrophies Primarily Affecting the DeepWhite Matter
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
- Krabbe's Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
- Merosin-Deficient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
- Homocystinuria (Hyperhomocysteinemia)
- Maple Syrup Disease
- Phenylketonuria
- Lowe's Syndrome
- 7.4.2 Leukodystrophies Primarily Affecting the White Matter
- Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts (Van der Knaap's Disease)
- Alexander's Disease
- Cockayne's Syndrome
- Canavan's Disease
- Vanishing White Matter Disease (Leukoencephalopathy with Vanishing White Matter)
- Galactosemia
- 7.4.3 Hypomyelination Syndromes
- Pelizaeus–Merzbacher Disease
- Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
- Hypomyelination with Congenital Cataract
- Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy with Hypodontia and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
- 7.4.1 Leukodystrophies Primarily Affecting the DeepWhite Matter
- 7.5 Metabolic Disorders Primarily Affecting the Gray Matter
- 7.5.1 Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea)
- 7.5.2 Sydenham's Chorea (Chorea Minor)
- 7.5.3 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
- Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
- Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
- 7.5.4 Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
- 7.5.5 Creatine Metabolism Disorders
- 7.5.6 Aicardi–Goutieres Syndrome
- 7.5.7 Niemann–Pick Disease
- 7.5.8 Rett's Syndrome
- 7.5.9 Fucosidosis
- 7.6 Metabolic Diseases of the White and Gray Matter
- 7.6.1 Wilson's Disease
- 7.6.2 Mitochondrial Encephalomyelopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke (MELAS)
- 7.6.3 Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)
- 7.6.4 Leigh's Disease
- 7.6.5 Glutaric Aciduria
- Glutaric Aciduria Type 1
- Glutaric Aciduria Type 2
- 7.6.6 Kearns–Sayre Syndrome
- 7.6.7 Zellweger's Syndrome
- 7.6.8 GM1 and GM2 Gangliosidosis
- Further Reading
- 8 Degenerative Diseases
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 8.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Motor System
- 8.3.1 Wallerian Degeneration
- 8.3.2 Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
- 8.3.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- 8.3.4 Huntington's Disease
- 8.3.5 Fahr's Disease (Calcification of the Basal Ganglia)
- 8.3.6 Friedreich's Ataxia
- 8.4 Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
- 8.4.1 Parkinson's Disease
- 8.4.2 Multiple System Atrophy
- 8.4.3 Corticobasal Degeneration
- 8.4.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
- 8.5 Neurodegenerative Forms of Dementia
- 8.5.1 Alzheimer's Disease
- 8.5.2 Lewy Body Dementia
- 8.5.3 Frontotemporal Dementia
- Further Reading
- 9 Malformations and Developmental Abnormalities
- 9.1 Embryology
- 9.2 Abnormalities of Cortical Development
- 9.2.1 Group I Malformations
- Microcephaly and Microcephaly with a Simplified Gyral Pattern
- Megalencephalies (Group I.B) and Hemimegalencephalies
- Focal Cortical Dysplasias Type II (Group I.C)
- 9.2.2 Group II Malformations
- Periventricular (Subependymal) Heterotopias (Group II.A) and Focal Subcortical Heterotopias (Group II.C)
- Lissencephalies (Group II.B)
- Cobblestone Malformations (Group II.D)
- 9.2.3 Group III Disorders
- Polymicrogyria and Schizencephaly (Group III.A) and Polymicrogyria without Schizencephaly (Group III.B)
- Focal Cortical Dysplasia Types I and III (Group III.C)
- 9.2.1 Group I Malformations
- 9.3 Malformations of the Corpus Callosum and Commissures
- 9.3.1 Malformations and Syndromes Associated with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
- 9.3.2 Intracranial Lipomas with Corpus CallosumAgenesis
- 9.3.3 Interhemispheric Cysts with Corpus CallosumAgenesis
- 9.4 Holoprosencephaly
- 9.4.1 Alobar Holoprosencephaly
- 9.4.2 Semilobar Holoprosencephaly
- 9.4.3 Lobar Holoprosencephaly
- 9.4.4 Septo-optic Dysplasia
- 9.4.5 Arhinencephaly
- 9.5 Encephaloceles
- 9.5.1 Occipital Encephaloceles
- 9.5.2 Frontoethmoidal Encephaloceles
- 9.5.3 Nasopharyngeal Encephaloceles
- 9.5.4 Atretic Cephaloceles
- 9.6 Chiari Malformations
- 9.6.1 Chiari Malformation Type I
- 9.6.2 Chiari Malformation Type II
- 9.7 Dandy–Walker Malformation
- 9.7.1 Classic Dandy–Walker Malformation
- 9.7.2 Hypoplastic Vermis with Rotation
- 9.7.3 Blake Pouch Cyst
- 9.7.4 Mega Cisterna Magna
- 9.8 Hypogenesis, Atrophy, and Dysplasia of the Cerebellum
- 9.9 Rhombencephalosynapsis
- 9.10 Lhermitte–Duclos Syndrome
- 9.11 Joubert's Syndrome and Molar Tooth Malformations
- 9.12 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
- 9.12.1 Tuberous Sclerosis
- 9.12.2 Neurofibromatosis
- Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen's Disease)
- Neurofibromatosis Type 2
- 9.12.3 Sturge–Weber Disease
- 9.12.4 Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
- 9.12.5 Rare Phacomatoses
- Further Reading
- 10 Hydrocephalus and Intracranial Hypotension
- 10.1 Brief Historical Review
- 10.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
- 10.2.1 Functions of the CSF
- 10.2.2 Anatomy of the CSF Spaces
- 10.2.3 Production and Transport of CSF
- 10.2.4 CSF Equilibrium and Hydrocephalus
- 10.2.5 CSF and Intracranial Hypotension
- 10.3 Epidemiology
- 10.4 Imaging
- 10.4.1 Modalities
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 10.4.2 Imaging Findings
- General Findings
- Congenital Hydrocephalus
- Hypersecretory Hydrocephalus
- Obstructive Hydrocephalus
- Malresorptive Hydrocephalus
- Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Intracranial Hypotension
- 10.4.1 Modalities
- Further Reading
- 1 Anatomy
- Part II Spinal Cord
- 11 Anatomy
- 11.1 Examination Technique
- 11.1.1 Imaging Planes in MRI
- 11.1.2 MRI Sequences
- 11.1.3 Contrast Agents
- 11.2 Spinal Column
- 11.2.1 Vertebrae
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- MRI Signal Characteristics of the Vertebral Bodies
- 11.2.2 Intervertebral Disks
- 11.2.3 Ligaments
- 11.2.4 Normal Variants and Malformations
- 11.2.1 Vertebrae
- 11.3 Spinal Meninges and Intraspinal Compartments
- 11.3.1 Epidural Space
- 11.3.2 Subdural Space
- 11.3.3 Subarachnoid Space
- 11.4 Spinal CSF Circulation
- 11.4.1 Subarachnoid Space
- 11.4.2 Central Canal
- 11.5 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
- 11.5.1 Anatomy
- 11.5.2 Normal Variants
- 11.5.3 Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord
- Gray Matter
- White Matter
- 11.6 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord
- Further Reading
- 11.1 Examination Technique
- 12 Degenerative Spinal and Foraminal Stenoses
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Disk Herniations
- 12.2.1 Lumbar Disk Herniations
- 12.2.2 Thoracic Disk Herniations
- 12.2.3 Cervical Disk Herniations
- 12.2.4 Postoperative Findings and Complications
- Recurrent Disk Herniation and Epidural Scarring
- Postoperative Pseudomeningocele
- Postoperative Metal Artifacts in MRI
- Spondylosis Deformans
- 12.3 Spinal Stenosis
- Further Reading
- 13 Trauma
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Examination Technique
- 13.3 Spinal Ligament Injuries
- 13.3.1 Injuries of the Craniocervical Junction and Upper Cervical Spine
- Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation and Subluxation
- Fractures of the Atlas and Axis
- Neural Arch Fractures of the Axis
- Dissection of Arteries Supplying the Brain
- 13.3.2 Injuries of the Lower Cervical Spine, Thoracic Spine, and Lumbar Spine
- Classification and Stability of Fractures
- Determining the Level of a Fracture
- Age and Etiology of a Fracture
- 13.3.3 Postoperative Examinations and Follow-Ups
- 13.3.1 Injuries of the Craniocervical Junction and Upper Cervical Spine
- 13.4 Spinal Cord Injuries
- 13.4.1 Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
- Spinal Cord Contusions
- Narrowing of the Spinal Canal
- Posttraumatic Spinal Hemorrhage
- Stabbing and Gunshot Injuries
- 13.4.2 Chronic Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Changes
- Syringohydromyelia and Cysts
- Transection, Atrophy, Malacia, and Tethering of the Spinal Cord
- 13.4.3 Nerve Root Injuries
- 13.4.1 Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
- Further Reading
- 14 Tumors and Tumorlike Masses
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Extradural Space
- 14.2.1 Benign Tumors
- Hemangioma
- Giant Cell Tumor
- Osteochondroma and Cartilaginous Exostosis
- Chondroblastoma
- Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
- Eosinophilic Granuloma
- Epidural Lipomatosis
- Extradural Arachnoid Cyst
- 14.2.2 Malignant Tumors
- Metastases
- Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
- Lymphoma
- Chordoma
- Sarcomas
- Paraspinal Tumors with Extension into the Spinal Canal
- 14.2.1 Benign Tumors
- 14.3 Intradural Extramedullary Space
- 14.3.1 Nerve Sheath Tumor
- 14.3.2 Meningioma
- 14.3.3 Paraganglioma
- 14.3.4 Arachnoid Cyst
- 14.3.5 Cavernoma and Capillary Hemangioma
- 14.3.6 Metastases and Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
- Metastases
- Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
- 14.4 Intramedullary Space
- 14.4.1 Benign Masses
- Hydrosyringomyelia
- Hemangioblastoma
- Intramedullary Neurinoma
- Cavernous Hemangioma
- Teratoma
- Lipoma
- Postirradiation Changes
- 14.4.2 Malignant Masses
- Ependymoma
- Astrocytoma
- Ganglioglioma
- Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
- Atypical Teratoid and Rhabdoid Tumors
- Germinoma
- Melanoma
- Other Tumors
- Metastases
- 14.4.1 Benign Masses
- 14.5 Management of Intradural Masses
- 14.6 Mimics of Spinal Tumors
- 14.6.1 Intraosseous Disk Herniation
- 14.6.2 Sequestered Disk
- 14.6.3 CSF Pulsation Artifact
- 14.6.4 Spinal Fistulas
- 14.6.5 Epidural Hematoma
- Further Reading
- 15 Vascular Diseases
- 15.1 Spinal Arterial Ischemia
- 15.2 Spinal Hemorrhage
- 15.2.1 Epidural Spinal Hemorrhage
- 15.2.2 Subdural (Epiarachnoid) Spinal Hemorrhage
- 15.2.3 Subarachnoid Spinal Hemorrhage
- 15.2.4 Intramedullary Hemorrhage
- 15.2.5 Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System
- 15.3 Cavernous Hemangioma (Cavernoma)
- 15.4 Spinal Vascular Malformations with Arteriovenous Shunting
- 15.4.1 Type 1: Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
- 15.4.2 Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations Types 2 to 4
- Further Reading
- 16 Inflammations, Infections, and Related Diseases
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Intramedullary Space
- 16.2.1 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
- Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Syndrome)
- 16.2.2 Acute Transverse Myelitis
- 16.2.3 Radiation Myelopathy
- 16.2.4 Important Differential Diagnoses
- Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
- Funicular Myelosis (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)
- 16.2.1 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
- 16.3 Intradural Extramedullary Space
- 16.3.1 Meningitis
- 16.3.2 Guillain–Barré Syndrome
- 16.3.3 Sarcoidosis
- 16.4 Extradural Space
- 16.4.1 Spondylitis, Spondylodiskitis, Spondyloarthritis
- 16.4.2 Epidural Abscess
- Further Reading
- 17 Malformations and Developmental Abnormalities
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Embryology
- 17.2.1 Gastrulation
- 17.2.2 Primary Neurulation
- 17.2.3 Secondary Neurulation and Retrogressive Differentiation
- 17.3 Classification
- 17.4 Open Spinal Dysraphisms
- 17.4.1 Myeloceles and Myelomeningoceles
- 17.4.2 Hemimyeloceles and Hemimyelomeningoceles
- 17.4.3 Postoperative Complications
- 17.5 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms
- 17.5.1 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms with Subcutaneous Swelling
- Lipomyeloceles and Lipomyelomeningoceles
- Myelocystoceles
- Meningoceles
- Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
- 17.5.2 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms with Cutaneous Stigmata
- Dermal Sinus
- Dorsal–Enteric Fistula
- Diastematomyelias
- 17.5.3 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms without Cutaneous Stigmata
- Simple Vertebral Arch Defects
- Segmentation Disorders of the Spinal Column
- Tight Filum Terminale
- Lipomas of the Filum Terminale
- Intradural Lipomas
- Dermoids and Epidermoids
- Enterogenous Cysts
- Caudal Regression Syndrome
- Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
- Anterior Sacral Meningocele
- 17.5.1 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms with Subcutaneous Swelling
- Further Reading
- 11 Anatomy
- Part III Peripheral Nervous System
- 18 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Basic Technical Principles of Magnetic Resonance Neurography
- 18.3 Pathologic Conditions
- 18.3.1 Traumatic Neuropathies
- 18.3.2 Nerve Compression Syndromes
- 18.3.3 Inflammatory Neuropathies
- 18.3.4 Neoplasms of Peripheral Nerves
- 18.3.5 Polyneuropathies
- 18.4 MRI of the Muscles in Neurogenic Muscle Diseases
- 18.5 Summary
- Further Reading
- 18 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
- Index
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