At a time when the paradigm gap (Sridhar & Sridhar 1986) between the EFL and ESL research areas is attracting much scholarly attention, the contributions in the current volume explore this gap from the perspective of linguistic innovations across the two different types of non-native Englishes. In this endeavour, this volume unveils the many facets of linguistic innovations in non-native English varieties and explores the fine line between learners' erroneous versus creative use of a target language. Adopting empirical, corpus-based approaches to portray linguistic innovations characteristic of EFL and ESL varieties, the contributions show how the interaction of linguistic and social forces influences the development of novel linguistic forms in both endonormative ESL contexts and exonormative EFL contexts.

• Rethinking Linguistic Creativity in Non-native Englishes
• Editorial page
• Title page
• LCC data
• Table of contents
• Linguistic innovations in EFL and ESL
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Errors vs. innovations
    • 2.1 Where should we draw the line?
    • 2.2 Towards a recognition of EFL users as innovative L2 speakers
  • 3. Exploiting corpus resources to capture innovations
  • 4. Explaining the emergence and development of innovations
    • 4.1 The emergence of innovations
    • 4.2 From emergence to conventionalization
  • 5. How are innovations perceived in research on EFL and ESL and what do they look like?
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• “This hair-style called as ‘duck tail’ ”
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Old and new dichotomies: Native vs. non-native, error vs. innovation
  • 3. Complex-transitive predication
  • 4. Methodology
    • 4.1 Corpus data and data extraction
    • 4.2 Data preparation and coding
    • 4.3 Statistical analysis
  • 5. Results
    • 5.1 ‘Intrusive as’ in South Asian Englishes
    • 5.2 ‘Intrusive as’ in Learner Englishes
    • 5.3 Discussion of findings
  • 6. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Detecting innovations in a parsed corpus of learner English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Motivation
    • 2.1 Verb + preposition and adjective + preposition combinations
    • 2.2 Syntactically parsed data
    • 2.3 Innovation vs. error
  • 3. Methods and data
    • 3.1 Method: Collocations and overuse
    • 3.2 Data: Parsed EFL, ESL and ENL corpora
  • 4. Data-driven detection of verb/adjective + PP innovations/errors in EFL
    • 4.1 Collocation ratio with O/E
    • 4.2 Collocation ratio with T-score
    • 4.3 Quantitative analysis of verb/adjective + PP combinations in ESL
    • 4.4 Quantitative analysis of verb/adjective + PP combinations in EFL vs. ESL
  • 5. Qualitative analysis
  • 6. Discussion
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
• The innovative progressive aspect of Black South African English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The progressive in NEs, LEs and BSAfE
  • 3. Method
  • 4. Results and discussion
    • 4.1 Omission of the auxiliary BE
    • 4.2 Overall frequency of the progressive form
    • 4.3 Innovative semantic uses
  • 5. Conclusion
  • References
• Towards a process-oriented approach to comparing EFL and ESL varieties
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Corpus study: Data and methodology
  • 3. Results and discussion
    • 3.1 Overview and exemplification of cognitive processes
    • 3.2 Quantitative findings
  • 4. Conclusion and outlook
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• In case of innovation
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The paradigm gap and phraseological research
  • 3. Aims and hypotheses
  • 4. Data and methods
  • 5. Results
  • 6. Discussion and conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Innovative conversions in South-East Asian Englishes
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background
    • 2.1 Classifying World Englishes
    • 2.2 HKE and SgE as ESL varieties
  • 3. Verb-to-noun conversion as innovation
  • 4. Methods and data
  • 5. Results
    • 5.1 Quantitative perspective
    • 5.2 Qualitative perspective
  • 6. Discussion and conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Appendix
• The fate of linguistic innovations
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Jersey English and its sociolinguistic setting
  • 3. Data
  • 4. Contact-induced innovations in JersE: Origins, developments and parallel features in LINDSEI-FR
    • 4.1 The verb-and-verb construction FAP
    • 4.2 Existential there’s with time reference
    • 4.3 The discourse particle eh
    • 4.4 Further contact-induced innovations in JersE and parallel features in LINDSEI-FR
  • 5. Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• “It’s always different when you look something from the inside”
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. ELF, EFL and ESL
  • 3. Taxonomy of innovations
  • 4. Data: CASE and BabyCASE
  • 5. Methodology: Finding linguistic innovations
  • 6. Analysis: Linguistic innovation in CASE
    • 6.1 L1 influence
      • 6.1.1 Code-switching
      • 6.1.2 L1 Transfer
      • 6.1.3 Hybridization
    • 6.2 Approximations
      • 6.2.1 Form-based approximation
      • 6.2.2 Semantic approximation
      • 6.2.3 Approximate idioms and collocations
    • 6.3 Ad hoc innovation
      • 6.3.1 New word formation
      • 6.3.2 New idiomatic expressions
    • 6.4 Temporarily persistent innovations
    • 6.5 Limitations to quantification of innovations in CASE
  • 7. Linguistic innovations in context
  • References
• Subject index