CCA countries achieved gains in inclusiveness over the past 20 years as incomes increased and poverty, inequality, and unemployment declined. Most of the progress occurred before the 2008-09 global financial crisis. Since then, poverty rates have barely moved and, for oil importers, remain elevated.

• Cover
• Contents
• Executive Summary
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Progress in Promoting Inclusive Growth in the CCA Region
• 3. Reorienting Fiscal Policy to Support Inclusive Growth
• 4. Supporting Financial Inclusion
• 5. Strengthening Governance and the Business Environment
• 6. Concluding Remarks
• Annex 1. The CCA Region and Peer Comparisions
• Annex 2. Inclusive Growth Strategies in CCA Countries
• References
• Boxes
  • Box 1. Policy Actions to Raise Revenues
• Figures
  • Figure 1. Growth, Inflation, and Dependency Ratios
  • Figure 2. Poverty, Inequality, and Unemployment
  • Figure 3. Female Labor Force Participation
  • Figure 4. Gender Equality
  • Figure 5. Per Capita Growth, Productivity, and Labor Force Participation
  • Figure 6. Investment and Industry Value Added
  • Figure 7. Social Protection Spending, Bottom 40 Percent
  • Figure 8. Government Expenditure
  • Figure 9. Health and Education Expenditure and Outcomes
  • Figure 10. Expected and Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling, 2018
  • Figure 11. Infrastructure Investment Needs
  • Figure 12. Size of the Shadow Economy, 2015
  • Figure 13. Subsidies, Wage Bill, Taxes, and Revenues
  • Figure 14. Open Budget Index, 2017
  • Figure 15. Budget Oversight by Legislature and Audit
  • Figure 16. Household and Small and Medium Enterprise Financial Inclusion Indicators
  • Figure 17. Impact of Small and Medium Enterprise Financial Inclusion on GDP, Employment, and Inequality
  • Figure 18. SME Financial Inclusion and Macroeconomic Policy Effectiveness
  • Figure 19. Adults Saving by Method Used, 2017
  • Figure 20. Capital Markets in the CCA Region
  • Figure 21. Product Market
  • Figure 22. Ease of Doing Business, Competitiveness, and Governance
  • Figure 23. Institutions, Competition, and Innovation
  • Annex Figure 1.1. Composition of CCA Region by PPP GDP
  • Annex Figure 1.2. CCA and Choice of Peers: Growth and GDP per Capita
• Tables
  • Table 1. World Bank Doing Business Indicators 2018: Paying Taxes
  • Table 2. Corporate Income Tax and Value-Added Tax Rates, Productivity, Efficiency, and Thresholds
  • Table 3. Development and Inclusion Gaps
  • Annex Table 2.1. The Bank of Jamaica Explains Inflation Targeting