The book focuses on new applications of green solvents (water, ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, terpenes). Keywords: Green Chemistry, Pollution Control, Hazardous Waste, Environmental Pollution, Green Solvents, Ionic Liquids, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Terpenes, Chemical Synthesis, Lipase-catalyzed Reactions, Organic Synthesis, Esterification, Gas Separation Membranes, Environment-friendly Products, Low Energy Requirement Processes, Alternatives to Hazardous Substances, Spiroheterocycles in Water, Sustainable Organic Synthesis, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Paint I.

• front-matter
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface
• 1
  • Plant Cell Culture Strategies for the Production of Terpenes as Green Solvents
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2.1 Essential oil as a source of green solvents
  • 2.2 Green solvents as an alternative to chemical solvents
  • 2.3 Essential oil yield and limiting factors for production in wild grown plants
  • 3.1 Biotechnological production of terpenes
  • 3.2 Approaches to improve the yield of terpenes produced by plant cell culture technology
  • 3.3 Terpenes in callus and cell cultures
  • 3.4 Terpenes in shoot cultures
  • 3.5 Terpenes in hairy roots
  • 4.1 Genetic engineering of plants for enhanced terpenoid biosynthesis
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 2
  • Ionic Liquids as a Green Solvent for Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Lipases: An overview
  • 3. ILs in enzymatic reactions: Advantages and merits
  • 4. ILs properties and featured characteristics in lipase stabilization
    • 4.1 Stabilization and activation of lipases in ionic liquids (ILs)
    • 4.2 Methods of stabilization of lipases in ILs
  • 5. Factors influencing IL-lipase reactions
    • 5.1 IL composition
    • 5.2 IL polarity
    • 5.3 IL viscosity
    • 5.4 pH
    • 5.5 Water content
    • 5.6 Temperature and thermal stability
    • 5.7 Selectivity
    • 5.8 Product purification
  • 6. Lipases and ILs in lipids reactions
    • 6.1 IL-lipase-catalyzed biodiesel synthesis
    • 6.2 Synthesis of esters and other products in ionic liquids
    • 6.3 Ionic liquids: The large-scale promise
  • 7. Recyclability of ILs and lipase
  • 8. Kinetics parameters of lipases in ILs
  • 9. Limitations and concerns over ILs
  • 10. The outlook for ILs in industrial applications
  • References
• 3
  • Water in Organic Synthesis as a Green Solvent
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 The development of green chemistry
    • 1.2 Green chemistry and its requirements in organic synthesis
    • 1.3 Green and alternative solvents in organic synthesis
    • 1.4 Water as a green solvent in organic synthesis
  • 2. On water reactions and concept of micellar catalysis in organic synthesis
    • 2.1 On water reactions
    • 2.2 Micellar catalysis
  • 3. Enhancement in rate and yield of organic reactions
  • 4. Improvement in chemo-, enantio-, regio- and stereoselectivity
  • 5. Towards milder reaction conditions and catalyst-free synthesis
  • 6. Simplification in the course of workup
  • 7. Enhancement in recycling the catalyst
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 4
  • Industrial Application of Ionic Liquids in the Paint Industry
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. A short history of paints
  • 3. Traditional solvents in the paint industry
  • 4. Alternatives to the traditional solvents, ionic liquid (IL)
    • 4.1 Cations for the ILs
    • 4.2 Anions for the ILs
  • 5. Ionic liquids in the paint industry
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 5
  • An Overview of Green Solvents in Sustainable Organic Synthesis
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Green solvents
    • 2.1 Water
    • 2.1.1 Oxidations
    • 2.1.2 Dehydrogenation
    • 2.1.3 Allylations
    • 2.1.4 Coupling reactions
    • 2.1.5 Heck reaction
    • 2.1.6 Wittig reaction
    • 2.1.7 Mannich-type reactions
    • 2.1.8 Intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction
    • 2.2 Supercritical fluids
    • 2.2.1 Carbon dioxide
    • 2.2.1.1 Applications of supercritical CO2
    • 2.2.1.2 Chemical reactions of CO2
    • 2.3 Ionic liquids
    • 2.3.1 General properties and nature of ILqs
    • 2.3.2 Application of ILqs
    • 2.3.3 Ionic liquids in organic synthesis
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 6
  • Application of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in the Leather Industry
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 What is supercritical carbon dioxide?
    • 1.2 Leather processing
    • 1.2.1 Stages for preparation
    • 1.2.2 Tanning
    • 1.2.3 Crusting
  • 2. The journey of CO2 to supercritical carbon dioxide
    • 2.1 Environmental challenges of leather production
    • 2.1.1 Ammonium Nitrogen (NH3-N)
    • 2.1.2 Chromium (Cr)
  • 3. Applications of supercritical carbon dioxide
    • 3.1 Supercritical carbon dioxide in the pharmaceutical industry
    • 3.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide in the leather industry
    • 3.2.1 Degreasing
    • 3.2.2 Fiber separation
    • 3.2.3 Deliming
    • 3.2.4 Chrome tanning
    • 3.2.5 Dyeing
    • 3.2.6 Fatliquoring
    • 3.2.7 Finishing
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 7
  • Green Solvents in Chemical Reactions
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Types of green solvents used
    • 2.1 Water
    • 2.1.1 MCRs in water based on Knoevenagel condensation
    • 2.2.2 MCRs based on activation of carbonyl group with water
    • 2.2.3 MCRs in water based on imine formation
    • 2.2.4 Synthesis of dithiocarbamate through MCRs in water
    • 2.2.5 Isocyanide-based MCRs in water
  • 3. MCRs in water based on transitional metal catalysis
  • 4. Fluorous solvents (perfluorinated liquids)
  • 5. Supercritical fluids
    • 5.1 Supercritical water (scWater)
    • 5.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)
  • 6. Ionic liquids (ILs)
    • 6.1 MCRs in ionic liquids
  • 7. Ephemeral solvents or deep eutectic solvents
    • 7.1 Natural DESs
    • 7.2 Hydrotropes
  • 8 Switchable solvents
  • 9. Organic Carbonates
  • 10. Biosolvents
  • 11. Polyethylene glycol polymers (PEGs)
  • 12. Use of green solvents in nanomaterials synthesis
  • 13. Green solvents in analytical chemistry
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 8
  • Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Esterification Reactions
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1. The concept of supercritical fluid (SCF)
    • 1.2 What is a supercritical fluid?
    • 1.3 Esterification reaction and its applications
    • 1.4 Experimental setup for esterification reaction in supercritical CO2
  • 2. Esterification reactions in ScCO2
    • 2.1 Enzymatic esterification reactions
    • 2.2 Mechanism of esterification reactions
    • 2.3 Effect of size of the carbon chain of alcohol in the esterification reactions
    • 2.4 Influence of water on the esterification reaction
    • 2.5 Phase transfer model of palmitin
    • 2.6 The influence of pressure and temperature on the phase behaviour system
    • 2.7 Comparison between the presence and absence of biocatalyst
    • 2.8 Comparison of activity between ScCO2 and organic solvents
  • Summary
  • References
• 9
  • Multicomponent Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Spiroheterocycles in Water
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Synthesis of N-containing spiroheterocycles
    • 2.1 Synthesis of spiro[pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-5,5-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine]-pentaone derivatives
    • 2.2 Synthesis of spirooxindole-containing fused 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives
    • 2.3 Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,5′-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline] derivatives
    • 2.4 Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine]-2,3' (7'H)-dione
    • 2.5 Synthesis of spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindole] derivatives
    • 2.6 Synthesis of spirooxindolyl-dihydroquinazolinone derivatives
    • 2.7 Synthesis of spiro[acridine-9,3′-indole]-2′,4,4′(1′H,5′H,10H)-trione derivatives
    • 2.8 Synthesis of 6-spiro-substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines
    • 2.9 Synthesis of pyrimidine fused spiro-benzoquinolines
    • 2.10 Synthesis of spirooxindolyl fused pyrazolopyridine derivatives
    • 2.11 Synthesis of pyrazolopyridinyl spirooxindoles
  • 3. Synthesis of O-containing spiroheterocycles
    • 3.1 Synthesis of spirochromenes
  • 4. Synthesis of N, O-containing spiroheterocycles
    • 4.1 Synthesis of spironaphthopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
    • 4.2 Synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-indolinon-spiro[pyran or pyran-annulated] heterocycles
    • 4.3 Synthesis of spiro-fused pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles
    • 4.4 Synthesis of spiro-fused benzo[b]furo[3,4-e][1,4]diazepines
    • 4.5 Synthesis of spiro{[1,3]dioxanopyridine}-4,6-dione derivatives
  • 5. Synthesis of N, S-containing spiroheterocycles
    • 5.1 Synthesis of spiro[indole-pyrido[3,2-e]thiazine] derivatives
    • 5.2 Synthesis of spiro[indole-3,4′-pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4]thiazepine] derivatives
    • 5.3 Synthesis of benzothiazole fused spiroheterocyces
    • 5.4 Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,2′-thiazolidinone] derivatives
    • 5.5 Synthesis of spiro{pyrido[2,1-b]benzothiazole-3,3′-indoline derivatives
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 10
  • Application of Ionic Liquids in Gas Separation Membranes
  • 1. Introduction
    • What are ionic liquids (ILs)?
    • Types of ionic liquids
  • 2. Gas separation through ionic liquid polymer membranes
    • Rubbery ionic liquid polymeric membranes
    • Glassy ionic liquid polymeric membranes
    • Block copolymer based ILPMs
  • 3. Gas separation in supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs)
  • 4. Gas separation in ionic liquid mixed matrix membranes (ILMMMs)
  • 5. Future recommendations in research and development
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• back-matter
  • Keyword Index
  • About the Editors