"This book offers a broad-based account of bilingual processing, drawing on research findings and current thinking from various domains across cognitive science. The theoretical approach adopted is the Modular Cognition Framework in which language processing is characterized as an interaction between dedicated linguistic systems and the other modules of the human mind. The latter provide the 'internal context' of bilingual processing. This internal context involves goals, value, emotion, self, and representations of the external context. The book combines all these elements into a coherent picture of the bilingual's internal context and the way it shapes processing. It then shows how some central concepts in cognitive science and bilingualism fit in with - and follow from - this view. These concepts include working memory, consciousness, attention, effort, codeswitching, and the possible cognitive benefits of being bilingual. The book should be of interest to professionals in the field as well as postgraduate students and advanced undergraduates"--.

• The Internal Context of Bilingual Processing
• Editorial page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• List of figures
• List of MCF abbreviations
• 1. Introduction
  • 1. Overview
  • 2. Internal context
    • 2.1 Bilingual processing
    • 2.2 The interpreted world
    • 2.3 The meaning of ‘context’
    • 2.4 Two types of internal context
  • 3. Context and cognition
    • 3.1 Deconstructing ‘input’
    • 3.2 Deconstructing ‘output’
    • 3.3 Input, output, and internal context
  • 4. Models of the mind
    • 4.1 Modelling bilingual processing
    • 4.2 The heterarchical mind
    • 4.3 The mind: A dynamic or a stable system?
    • 4.4 The drive for coherence
    • 4.5 The status of consciousness
  • 5. Theoretical frameworks
    • 5.1 Broad and narrow explanatory frameworks
    • 5.2 The Modular Cognition Framework
    • 5.3 Language in the mind
    • 5.4 Distinct levels of description
    • 5.5 The role of overarching and ‘local’ theoretical frameworks
    • 5.6 On defining representations, structures and memories
  • 6. Chapter summary
• 2. The Modular Cognition Framework
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. What is a representation?
    • 2.1 Mental versus neural representations
    • 2.2 Representations as knowledge
    • 2.3 Representational schemas
  • 3. Modularity
    • 3.1 Modularity in brain and mind
    • 3.2 Modules in MCF
    • 3.3 Locating language within the modular mind
    • 3.4 Generic sound and generic meaning
  • 4. Processing: Activation and memory
    • 4.1 The story so far
    • 4.2 Activation within stores
    • 4.3 Working memory: The ‘state’ view
    • 4.4 Interfaces
    • 4.5 Coindexing
    • 4.6 Resting levels of activation (RLAs)
  • 5. Growth
    • 5.1 Acquisition by processing
    • 5.2 Language attrition
  • 6. The affective system
  • 7. Goals
  • 8. Self
  • 9. The definition of context in the MCF
  • 10. MCF architecture summarized
• 3. Outside in
  • 1. Overview
  • 2. Context in the MCF
  • 3. Context as a continually changing phenomenon
  • 4. The central role of the conceptual system
  • 5. Schemas
    • 5.1 Multiple activation of schemas
    • 5.2 Schemas as cognitive templates
    • 5.3 Schemas and modularity
    • 5.4 Schema updating
    • 5.5 Schemas in bilingual processing
    • 5.6 Frame semantics and other possible relatives
    • 5.7 Communicative competence
  • 6. Pragmatic processing
    • 6.1 Context and language processing
    • 6.2 Bilingual pragmatics and status of concepts
      • 6.2.1 Linguistic relativity
      • 6.2.2 ‘Semantic’ versus ‘conceptual’?
  • 7. Situational context in neuroscience theory and research
    • 7.1 Locations and connections
    • 7.2 Top down processing, bottom up processing and embodiment
    • 7.3 Further topics for consideration
  • 8. Conclusion
• 4. Inherently internal context
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Goals
    • 2.1 Goals in the MCF framework
    • 2.2 Establishment of goal representations
    • 2.3 Conclusion
  • 3. Value and emotion
    • 3.1 Value
    • 3.2 Emotion
  • 4. Self
    • 4.1 Is self a legitimate object of scientific study?
    • 4.2 Self as CS representation(s)
      • 4.2.1 Self as a goal system
      • 4.2.2 The meta-self
    • 4.3 Self as affective representation(s)
    • 4.4 What is ‘self’?
    • 4.5 Self and bilingualism
      • 4.5.1 Self and language learning motivation
      • 4.5.2 Multiple selves in bilingualism
  • 5. Conclusion
• 5. Bilingual representation
  • 1. Introduction: The significance of bilingual representation
  • 2. Syntactic and phonological representation in the bilingual mind
    • 2.1 How is human language to be defined?
    • 2.2 Syntactic representations in the bilingual mind
    • 2.3 Phonological representations in the bilingual mind
    • 2.4 Reconceptualizing the bilingual mental lexicon
  • 3. Conceptual representation in the bilingual mind
    • 3.1 Conceptual representation
      • 3.1.1 The conceptual system in the brain
      • 3.1.2 Locating memory categories within the framework
      • 3.1.3 Conceptual primitives
    • 3.2 Metalinguistic knowledge
    • 3.3 Bilingual conceptual structures
    • 3.4 Metalinguistic knowledge in the bilingual mind
  • 4. Sign language
  • 5. Relations to existing models of conceptual representation in bilingualism
    • 5.1 The Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM)
    • 5.2 The Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus Model (BIA+)
    • 5.3 The Modified Hierarchical Model (MHM)
    • 5.4 Areas of consensus and limitations
  • 6. Conclusion
• 6. Cognitive control and language control
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The homunculus issue
    • 2.1 The problem
    • 2.2 Language control and the homunculus problem
      • 2.2.1 ‘Control’ and the homunculus problem
      • 2.2.2 ‘Access’ and the homunculus problem
      • 2.2.3 ‘Selection’ and the homunculus problem
      • 2.2.4 Conclusion
  • 3. Control
    • 3.1 The nature of control
    • 3.2 The neural basis for control
      • 3.2.1 Control regions in the brain
      • 3.2.2 Local synchronization of processing
      • 3.2.3 Global synchronization of processing
    • 3.3 Control as selective activation
      • 3.3.1 Activation: Cognitive and neural
      • 3.3.2 Activation: Sensory and executive
      • 3.3.3 Inhibition and the Veto Hypothesis
  • 3.4 Cognitive control and bilingual processing
  • 4. Setting the stage for control
    • 4.1 Outside-in context as the stage for control
      • 4.1.1 Outside-in context and cognitive control
      • 4.1.2 Outside-in context and language control
    • 4.2 The stage within the linguistic modules
      • 4.2.1 The state of the linguistic modules
      • 4.2.2 Crosslinguistic activation: Items from both languages are on-stage
  • 5. Cognitive control and modularity
  • 6. Control: Hierarchical vs. heterarchical
  • 7. Conclusion
• 7. Control as inherently internal context
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Goals as controllers
    • 2.1 Goals as cognitive controllers
    • 2.2 Goals as language controllers
  • 3. Value as controller
    • 3.1 Value as cognitive controller
    • 3.2 Value as language controller
  • 4. Emotion as controller
    • 4.1 Emotion as cognitive controller
    • 4.2 Emotion as language controller
  • 5. Putting it together: Goals, value, and emotion as language controllers
  • 6. Bilingual advantage and executive control
    • 6.1 The state of the field
    • 6.2 The bilingual advantage in the MCF
  • 7. Relations to existing treatments of language control
    • 7.1 Fundamental contrasts
    • 7.2 Inhibitory control and the adaptive control hypothesis
    • 7.3 The Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model
    • 7.4 Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech (BLINCS)
    • 7.5 Conclusion
  • 8. Conclusion
• 8. Control as inherently internal context
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The goal-based self as controller
    • 2.1 The goal-based self and dominance within it
    • 2.2 The goal-based self as language controller
  • 3. The role of the meta-self
    • 3.1 The meta-self in cognitive control
    • 3.2 The meta-self in language control
  • 4. Self-based and selfless cognitive control
    • 4.1 The nature of self-based control
    • 4.2 The process: Dynamic shifts in control
      • 4.2.1 Control in trouble-free processing
      • 4.2.2 Control with complications
      • 4.2.3 Value and emotion in self-based and selfless control
    • 4.3 An example of self-based and selfless control
    • 4.4 The use of metalinguistic knowledge as self-based processing
  • 5. Self-based and selfless language control
    • 5.1 The nature of self-based language control
    • 5.2 Some examples of self-based language control
    • 5.3 A more extended example
    • 5.4 The case of switch costs
      • 5.4.1 Factors underlying switch costs
      • 5.4.2 A hypothesis
      • 5.4.3 Conclusion
    • 5.5 Interpreting
  • 6. The affective self as controller
  • 7. ‘Self’ as controller?
    • 7.1 ‘Self’ as cognitive controller?
    • 7.2 ‘Self’ as language controller?
  • 8. The L2 self
  • 9. Conclusion
• 9. Coactivation phenomena
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Coactivation in MCF
  • 3. Internal context and the variables influencing ‘non-selective access’
    • 3.1 The role of proficiency
    • 3.2 The role of sentential context
    • 3.3 Additional factors
    • 3.4 Strong and weak versions of ‘nonselective access’
  • 4. Direction of influence
    • 4.1 Internal context and direction of influence
    • 4.2 L3 acquisition
  • 5. Coactivation phenomena and experimental paradigms
    • 5.1 The picture naming task
    • 5.2 Picture naming and internal context
    • 5.3 A note on ecological validity
    • 5.4 Conclusion
  • 6. Optionality in SLA
    • 6.1 Optionality and why it occurs
    • 6.2 Optionality and internal context
  • 7. Code-switching
    • 7.1 Some background on code-switching
    • 7.2 Language identification revisited
    • 7.3 The role of outside-in context in switching
    • 7.4 The role of goals in switching
    • 7.5 The role of value in switching
    • 7.6 The role of emotion in switching
    • 7.7 The role of self in switching
    • 7.8 The role of purely linguistic factors in switching
    • 7.9 Conclusion
  • 8. Conclusion
• 10. Internal context and attention, working memory, and effort
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Attention
    • 2.1 Attention and cognition
    • 2.2 Attention and bilingual processing
  • 3. Working memory
    • 3.1 Working memory and cognition
      • 3.1.1 Working memory and POpS synchronization
      • 3.1.2 Working memory capacity
      • 3.1.3 Affective working memory
    • 3.2 Working memory and bilingual processing
      • 3.2.1 Working memory and conceptual structures
      • 3.2.2 Working memory capacity
      • 3.2.3 Affective working memory in bilingual processing
  • 4. Cognitive effort
    • 4.1 Effort and cognition
      • 4.1.1 What is cognitive effort?
      • 4.1.2 When is processing effortful?
      • 4.1.3 Effort and positive value
      • 4.1.4 Effort and volition
    • 4.2 Effort in bilingual processing
      • 4.2.1 Goals, effort, and effortless bilingual processing
      • 4.2.2 Effort resulting from inherent difficulty of the task
      • 4.2.3 Effort and outside-in context in bilingual processing
      • 4.2.4 Effort and goal conflict in bilingual processing
      • 4.2.5 Effort as internal context
      • 4.2.6 A note on code-switching and effort
      • 4.2.7 Conclusion
  • 5. Conclusion
• 11. Consciousness and internal context
  • 1. Consciousness and cognition
    • 1.1 Awareness and control from CS
    • 1.2 Awareness and control from AfS
    • 1.3 Consciousness, working memory, and internal context
    • 1.4 Consciousness, effort, and internal context
  • 2. Consciousness and the internal context of bilingual processing
    • 2.1 Awareness of outside-in context in bilingual processing
    • 2.2 Awareness of goals in bilingual processing
    • 2.3 Awareness of affect in bilingual processing
    • 2.4 Awareness of self in bilingual processing
    • 2.5 Conclusion
  • 3. Consciousness, internal context, and metalinguistic knowledge
    • 3.1 The nature of metalinguistic knowledge
    • 3.2 An MCF analysis of metalinguistic processing
    • 3.3 Metalinguistic knowledge and L3 acquisition
  • 4. Consciousness in translation and interpretation
    • 4.1 Translation and interpretation
    • 4.2 Translation and interpretation in the MCF
  • 5. Conclusion
• 12. Conclusion
  • 1. The mind and its role as generator of internal context
    • 1.1 The mind
    • 1.2 The mind as generator of internal context
  • 2. Elements of internal context
    • 2.1 Outside-in context
    • 2.2 Goals
    • 2.3 The goal-based self
    • 2.4 The meta-self
    • 2.5 Affect: Value, emotion, and the affective self
  • 3. Control
  • 4. Some implications and applications
    • 4.1 Internal context and interlingual coactivation
    • 4.2 Internal context and attention, working memory, effort, and consciousness
  • 5. Final reflections
• References