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The genetics of cattle / edited by Dorian J. Garrick, Iowa State University, USA, and Anatoly Ruvinsky, University of New England, Australia. — 2nd edition. — 1 online resource (x, 623 pages) : illustrations (some color. — Preceded by: Genetics of cattle / edited by R. Fries and A. Ruvinsky. c1999. — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/2415988.pdf>.Дата создания записи: 21.03.2014 Тематика: Cattle — Genetics.; Cattle — Breeding.; Cattle — Breeding.; Cattle — Genetics. Коллекции: EBSCO Разрешенные действия: –
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Оглавление
- The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1. Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle
- Introduction
- Systematic Position of the Genus Bos
- Description of Bos Species
- Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827
- Bos bison Linnaeus, 1758
- Bos gaurus C.H. Smith, 1827
- Bos javanicus d’Alton, 1823
- Bos mutus (Przewalski, 1883)
- Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937
- Phylogenetic Relationships Among Species of Bovina
- Classifications of the tribe Bovina based on morphology
- Molecular phylogenies
- Fossil Record and Biogeography
- Rapid radiation and dispersal of Bovina during the Middle Pliocene
- Evolution of the yak–bison lineage in the northern hemisphere
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 2. Genetic Aspects of Domestication
- Introduction
- The First Domestic Cattle
- Taurine Cattle Spread over the Old World
- Early farms and dairying
- Maternal lineages
- Paternal lineages
- Adaptation
- Zebus around the Equator
- Large Taurines during Classical Antiquity
- Small Cattle in Medieval Europe
- Modernization of Cattle Husbandry
- Industrial Cattle, Crossbreds and Local Breeds
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 3. Breeds of Cattle
- Introduction
- Bos taurus and Bos indicus
- Categorization According to Utility and Mode of Origin
- Classification and Phylogeny of Breeds
- Description of Cattle Breeds
- Perspectives
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Introduction
- 4. Molecular Genetics of Coat Colour Variation
- Introduction
- The Basis of Pigmentation
- The wild type
- Genes Causing Spatial and Temporal Pigment-type Switching
- Introduction
- The Extension locus (MC1R)
- The Agouti locus (ASIP)
- Extension –Agouti interactions
- The K locus (DEFB300)
- Introduction
- Genes Diluting Pigmentation
- Introduction
- The Albino locus (TYR)
- The Brown locus (TYRP1)
- The Dilution locus (PMEL17)
- Introduction
- Genes Affecting Migration and Survival of Pigment Cells
- Introduction
- The Belted locus (BTA3, possibly HES6)
- The Colour-sided locus (KIT; BTA6→BTA29→BTA6 translocations)
- The Piebald locus (MITF)
- The Roan locus (KITLG)
- The White-spotting locus (KIT )
- Introduction
- Other Genes Influencing Coat Colour
- Pleiotropic Effects Caused by Coat Colour Mutations
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 5. Genetics of Morphological Traits and Inherited Disorders
- Introduction
- Previous Reviews
- Current Sources of Information
- An Overview
- Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- 6. Cytogenetics and Chromosome Maps
- Introduction
- The Cattle Chromosome Nomenclature
- Chromosome Abnormalities
- Numerical chromosome aberrations
- Freemartin syndrome
- Structural chromosome aberrations
- Numerical chromosome aberrations
- Chromosome Maps
- Overview of chromosome mapping
- Somatic cell hybrid maps
- Linkage maps
- Radiation hybrid maps
- Fingerprint maps
- Genome assembly
- Comparative Studies
- Future of Cattle Genome Mapping
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 7. Bovine Genomics
- Introduction
- Bovine Genome Sequence
- Sequencing strategy
- Baylor assembly
- University of Maryland (UMD) assembly
- Differences in the Current Baylor and UMD Assemblies
- Genome Annotation
- Sequence polymorphism
- Gene models
- Repetitive elements
- Long non-coding RNAs
- Gene Expression Sub-networks
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgement
- References
- 8. Bovine Immunogenetics
- Introduction
- The Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Molecular structure and function of MHC molecules
- Class I MHC molecules
- Class II MHC molecules
- Class III molecules
- Genomic organization of the bovine MHC
- Bovine class I gene products and polymorphisms
- Classical bovine class I molecules
- Non-classical bovine class I molecules
- Bovine MHC class I-like molecules
- Bovine class II gene products and polymorphisms
- The bovine class IIa region
- Bovine class IIb region
- Molecular structure and function of MHC molecules
- T Cell Antigen Receptors
- T cells are defined as αβ vs γδ based ontheir TCR gene usage
- Nomenclature for the TCR
- TCR gamma chain immunogenetics
- TCR delta chain immunogenetics
- TCR alpha chain immunogenetics
- TCR beta chain immunogenetics
- Multigene Families of Germline Encoded Receptors
- Pattern recognition receptors
- Toll-like receptors
- NOD-like receptors
- WC1 co-receptors
- Killer receptors
- KIR
- Ly49
- NKG2
- Pattern recognition receptors
- Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulin heavy chain immunogenetics
- Variable-region heavy chain genes
- Immunoglobulin light chain immunogenetics
- Development of B cells and antibody repertoires
- Mechanisms of antibodydiversification
- Immunoglobulin heavy chain immunogenetics
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 9. Genetics of Disease Resistance
- Introduction
- Genetics of Disease Resistance in Cattle: Relevant Notes
- Genetic Aspects of Resistance Traits for the Most Significant Cattle Diseases
- Brucellosis
- Dermatophilosis
- Helminthiasis
- Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
- Leukosis (BL)
- Mastitis
- Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)
- Tick resistance
- Trypanosomiasis
- Tuberculosis
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- 10. Molecular Biology and Genetics of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Introduction
- Clinical Signs and Pathology
- The Importance of PrP Protein
- Pathogenesis of BSE in Cattle
- Natural BSE in cattle
- Atypical BSE in cattle
- Experimental BSE in cattle
- Experimental atypical BSE in cattle
- Preclinical Diagnosis of BSE in Cattle
- BSE Transmission Characteristics
- Genetics of TSEs in Sheep and Humans
- The Bovine PRNP Gene
- Cattle PRNP Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to BSE
- PRNP gene
- Family studies
- Influence of other genes
- IS BSE not subject to host genetic control by the PRNP gene?
- Conclusions
- References
- 11. Genetics of Behaviour in Cattle
- Introduction
- Temperament
- Beef cattle
- Breeding for docility in Limousins
- Dairy cattle
- Physiological correlates
- Associations with production traits
- QTL studies
- Candidate gene analyses
- Social Interactions
- Group structure and dominance
- Aggression
- Feeding Behaviour
- Mating Behaviour
- Milking Tendency
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 12. Genetics of Reproduction in Cattle
- Introduction
- Genetics of Ovulation Rate and Related Traits
- Genetics of Puberty and Related Traits
- Genetics of Conception or Pregnancy Rate
- Genetics of Gestation Length
- Genetics of Dystocia and Related Traits
- Genetics of Male Reproductive Traits
- Conclusions
- References
- 13. Modern Reproductive Technologies and Breed improvement
- Introduction
- The Paternal Contribution
- Breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) and estimation of sire fertility
- Sperm attributes
- Sperm count
- Sperm morphometry
- Sperm motility
- Adding ‘new’ parameters to sperm quality evaluation
- Sperm sorting
- Sex sorting
- Marker-based sorting of fertile sperm
- Improving male fertility through integration of the ‘omics’
- Artificial insemination (AI)
- Sperm cryopreservation
- Conclusions
- The Maternal Contribution
- Synchronization
- Oestrus/ovulation synchronization
- Fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI)
- Fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET)
- Occurrence of embryonic death and strategies to improve embryo survival
- Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
- In vitro production of embryos
- Embryo sexing
- Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation
- Synchronization
- Applications
- Cloning
- Transgenesis
- Integrating genomic selection and reproductive technologies
- Studying the (epi)-genome
- Conclusions
- References
- 14. Developmental Genetics
- Introduction
- Developmental Stages of the Cattle Embryo
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization and embryonic development within the zona pellucida
- Post-hatching development
- Genetic Control of Pre-implantation Development
- Expression of maternal genes
- Activation of the embryonic genome
- Reprogramming, methylation patterns and genomic imprinting
- Gene expression during blastocyst formation, expansion and elongation
- Genetic control of gastrulation
- Establishment of axial identity
- The three germ layers and theirderivates
- Genetic Regulation of Implantation and Placentation
- Endometrial and trophoblast gene expression
- Maternal recognition of pregnancy
- Implantation and placental development
- Molecular signals affecting implantation and placentation
- Angiogenesis
- Genes Involved in Post-implantation Development
- Development of segment identity and HOX genes
- Pattern formation
- Muscle development and gene regulation
- Organogenesis: T-box and PAX genes
- Sex Differentiation
- The major steps in gonad differentiation
- The genes involved in sex differentiation
- Cycle of the X chromosome
- Anomalies of sex development
- Freemartinism in Cattle
- Phenomenology
- Specific features of the bovine placenta and chimerism
- Diagnosis of freemartins and practical aspect
- Conclusions
- References
- 15. Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle
- Introduction
- Breeding Objectives
- Derivation of a breeding objective
- Recent evolutions in breeding objectives
- Traits to consider
- Genetic Variation
- Breed differences
- Within-breed variation
- Yield traits
- Conformation traits
- Workability traits
- Calving traits
- Fertility traits
- Health traits
- Longevity
- Correlation between trait groups
- Inbreeding, genetic variability and heterosis
- QTLs and individual genes affecting traits of economic importance
- Genetic Evaluation
- Evaluation models
- Genotype by environment interaction
- National vs international evaluations
- Total merit indexes
- Genetic trends
- Across-breed analysis
- Genomic Selection
- Principles and methods
- SNP chips
- Implementation
- Consequences on the international scene
- Perspectives and challenges
- Design of Breeding Programmes
- AI and MOET
- Breeding programmes with genomic selection
- Minimizing inbreeding
- Conclusions
- References
- 16. Molecular Genetics of Milk Protein Production
- Introduction
- Bovine Milk Composition
- The caseins and their genes
- The casein loci
- The major whey proteins and their genes
- α-Lactalbumin
- β-Lactoglobulin
- Lactoferrin
- Multi-level Regulation of Milk Protein Genes Expression in the Mammary Gland: Endocrine, Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation
- Endocrine regulation
- Local control of milk composition and milk production
- Regulation by the extracellular matrix
- Transcriptional Regulation of Milk Protein Production
- Prolactin-mediated activation of transcription
- The glucocorticoid receptor
- The progesterone receptor – a negative regulator of milk protein gene expression
- Nuclear factor 1 (NF1)
- The extracellular matrix and transcriptional regulation
- MicroRNA Regulation
- The Lactome
- Transgenic Studies Utilizing Bovine Milk Protein Gene Promoters
- Expression studies
- The alteration of milk composition via transgenesis
- α-Lactalbumin
- Lactoferrin and lysozyme
- Casein
- β-Lactoglobulin
- Conclusion
- References
- Introduction
- 17. Genetics of Fatty Acid Composition in Bovine Milk and Beef
- Introduction
- Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk and Beef
- Environmental Factors Influencing Fatty Acid Composition
- Fatty Acid Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations
- Breed Effects on Fatty Acid Composition in Bovine Milk and Beef
- Genetic Polymorphisms and Fatty Acid Composition
- Stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1
- Fatty acid synthase
- Sterol regulatory element binding factor 1
- Fatty acid transport genes
- Conclusion
- References
- 18. Genetic Improvement of Beef Cattle
- Introduction
- Breeding Objectives
- The economically rational approach
- The desired gains approach
- Breeding objectives for beef production systems
- Beef breeding objectives in dairy and dual-purpose breeds
- Terminal sires for use in dairy herds and specialized beef herds
- Breeding replacement females for specialized beef herds
- Breed Resources and Crossbreeding
- Evaluating breed resources
- An overview of crossbreeding theory
- The value of crossbreeding
- The genetic basis of heterosis
- Choice of crossing system
- Breeds and crosses used in beef production
- The use of genomics to target increases in heterosis
- Selection within Breeds
- Evaluating individuals
- Use of genomic information
- EBVs across breeds
- Systems of testing
- Performance testing
- Progeny testing
- Cooperative breeding schemes
- Traits recorded
- Evaluations across herds, breeds and countries
- Indices of overall economic merit
- Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
- Estimates of genetic change achievable
- The economic value of genetic improvement
- Reproductive Methods
- MOET and IVF schemes
- Sexing and cloning
- Conclusions
- References
- 19. Genomic Prediction and Genome-wide Association Studies in Beef and Dairy Cattle
- Introduction
- Conventional Pedigree-based Prediction
- Generalized least squares and best linear unbiased prediction
- Identity by descent and the numerator relationship matrix
- Prediction of breeding values and associated reliabilities
- Limitations of conventional prediction
- Prediction using Genomic Information
- Ideal model
- Practical models based on mixed model equations (SNP effects or genomic relationships)
- Bayesian regression methods
- Validation of Predictive Ability
- Within-breed predictions
- Across-breed predictions
- Prediction using admixed breeds
- Understanding Predictive Ability
- Sources of information
- Haplotypes and their distribution
- Marker-based models
- Models including the QTL as one of the markers
- Equivalent models with fewer markers
- Multi marker-QTL LD versus single marker-QTL LD
- Models with inadequate markers
- Models with haplotype covariates
- Blending Genomic and Pedigree Information
- Correlated traits
- Selection index
- External EPDs
- Single-step GBLUP
- Single-step Bayesian regression
- Genome-wide Association Studies
- Major gene effects
- Incorporation of Sequence Information
- Immediate and Future Challenges
- Conclusions
- References
- 20. Genetics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
- Introduction
- Trait Definitions
- Feed intake measurement
- Feed efficiency traits
- Growing animals
- Lactating animals
- Advantages and disadvantages of the different measures of feed efficiency
- Genetics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
- Heritability estimates and genetic correlations between measures
- Genetic correlations between feed intake and efficiency with other performance measures
- Male and female reproduction
- Carcass traits
- Animal size
- Environmental load
- Milk yield
- Animal health
- Breeding Programmes for Feed Intake and Efficiency
- Past breeding programmes
- Breeding programmes including feed intake and efficiency
- Genotype by environment interactions for feed intake and efficiency
- Genomics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
- Future Research Priorities
- Conclusions
- References
- 21. Genetics of Growth and Body Composition
- Introduction
- Growth Traits and Growth Curves
- Body Composition
- Muscle, fat and bone
- Muscling
- Intramuscular lipid
- Genetic Markers
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 22. Genetics of Meat Quality
- Introduction
- Meat Quality Traits
- Carcass composition
- Fat composition and qualities
- Meat physico-chemical qualities
- Meat sensory qualities
- Heritability of Meat Quality Traits
- Carcass composition
- Fat composition and qualities
- Meat physico-chemical qualities
- Meat sensory qualities
- Genetic Correlations with Meat Traits
- Carcass composition
- Meat sensory and physico-chemical qualities
- Fat composition and qualities
- Major Genes and Gene Markers Associated with Meat Quality Traits
- Double-muscling
- Calpain system
- Thyroglobulin
- Other candidate genes
- Conclusions
- References
- 23. Genetic Aspects of Cattle Adaptation in the Tropics
- Introduction
- Measuring Adaptation of Cattle to Tropical Environments
- Breed Differences in Adaptive Traits
- Breed groupings and comparative performance of the breeds
- Impact of heterosis on adaptive traits
- Exploiting breed differences and heterosis for adaptive traits to improve performance of cattle in the tropics
- Within-breed Selection to Improve Adaptive Traits
- Role of Molecular Information in Improving Adaptive Traits
- Resistance to trypanosomiasis
- Resistance to Bovine Respiratory Disease
- Resistance to heat stress
- Resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (worms)
- Heritabilities of adaptive traits
- Genetic correlations between adaptive and productive traits
- Resistance to ticks
- Adaptive Traits in Breeding Programmes
- Implications
- References
- 24. Standard Genetic Nomenclature
- Introduction
- Locus and Gene Names and Symbols
- Locus name and symbol
- Allele name and symbol
- Genotype terminology
- Gene annotations and the gene ontology (GO)
- Trait and Phenotype Terminology
- Traits
- Super-traits
- Trait hierarchy and ontology
- Trait and phenotype nomenclature
- Future Prospects
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Index
- Colour Plates
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