"This is the first book to be published which specifically focuses on Asian Citrus Psyllid and the intractable disease it spreads in citrus crops (Huanglongbing disease)"--.

• Asian Citrus Psyllid
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Contributors
• 1 Asian Citrus Psyllid Life Cycle and Developmental Biology
  • 1.1 Adult Reproductive Biology, Life Characteristics and Polymorphisms
  • 1.2 Development of Eggs and Nymphs
  • 1.3 Temperature Effects
  • 1.4 Humidity, Rain and Sunlight
  • 1.5 Expanding the Knowledge Base
  • References
• 2 Functional Anatomy of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Embryology
  • 2.3 Oral Region
    • 2.3.1 Larval stylet bundle docking
    • 2.3.2 Rostrum
    • 2.3.3 Tentorium
    • 2.3.4 Stylets
    • 2.3.5 Stylet replacement
      • 2.3.5.1 Biogenesis
      • 2.3.5.2 Despooling and fitting
    • 2.3.6 Crumena
    • 2.3.7 Labium
    • 2.3.8 Salivary glands
      • 2.3.8.1 Salivary gland ducal system
  • 2.4 Alimentary Canal
    • 2.4.1 Esophagus
    • 2.4.2 Filter chamber and midgut loop
    • 2.4.3 Excretory system
  • 2.5 Reproductive System
    • 2.5.1 Female
  • References
• 3 Mating Behavior of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 General Aspects of Mating Behavior in Diaphorina citri and Other Psylloids
  • 3.3 Substrate-borne Communication in Diaphorina citri
  • 3.4 Movement Bias towards Light and Flush: Impacts on Mating Behavior
  • 3.5 Potential for Mimicking or Interfering with Vibrational Communication Signals to Trap Males or Disrupt Mating
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 4 Visually and Chemically Guided Behavior of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 4.1 Vision
    • 4.1.1 Structure and physiology
      • 4.1.1.1 Visual structures
      • 4.1.1.2 Electrophysiology
    • 4.1.2 Behavior
      • 4.1.2.1 Visual aspects of the natural environment
      • 4.1.2.2 Behavioral responses to visual stimuli
      • 4.1.2.3 Attractants – role of visible color in attraction
      • 4.1.2.4 Role of UV in attraction
      • 4.1.2.5 Disruptants
    • 4.1.3 Management tools
      • 4.1.3.1 Attractants
      • 4.1.3.2 Disruptants
  • 4.2 Olfaction and Gustation
    • 4.2.1 Structure and physiology
      • 4.2.1.1 Antennal structure
      • 4.2.1.2 Electrophysiology
      • 4.2.1.3 Gustatory behavior
      • 4.2.1.4 Electrical penetration analysis
      • 4.2.1.5 Stylet tracks
      • 4.2.1.6 Other phagostimulants
      • 4.2.1.7 Molecular approaches
    • 4.2.2 Behavior
      • 4.2.2.1 Kairomones
      • 4.2.2.2 Host plant choice based on volatiles
      • 4.2.2.3 Host plant volatile identification
      • 4.2.2.4 Altered host plant volatiles
      • 4.2.2.5 Attraction to host plant chemicals
      • 4.2.2.6 Repellants
      • 4.2.2.7 Guava volatiles
      • 4.2.2.8 Behavioral responses
      • 4.2.2.9 Volatiles other than guava
      • 4.2.2.10 Mineral oils
      • 4.2.2.11 Pheromones
      • 4.2.2.12 Phagostimulants
    • 4.2.3 Management tools
      • 4.2.3.1 Repellents/confusants
      • 4.2.3.2 Attractants
  • 4.3 Potential for Push–Pull and Other Strategies
  • 4.4 Factors that Affect Responses
  • 4.5 Future Directions
  • References
• 5 Hosts of the Asian citrus Psyllid
  • 5.1 The original host
  • 5.2 Host Records
  • 5.3 Records other than Rutaceae
  • References
• 6 Abiotic and Biotic Regulators of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Populations
  • 6.1 Abiotic Factors
    • 6.1.1 Temperature
    • 6.1.2 Humidity
    • 6.1.3 Light
    • 6.1.4 Rainfall
    • 6.1.5 Wind
    • 6.1.6 Crop season
  • 6.2 Biotic Factors
    • 6.2.1 Parasitoids
    • 6.2.2 Predators
    • 6.2.3 Entomopathogens
  • 6.3 Management
    • 6.3.1 Conservation
    • 6.3.2 Augmentation
    • 6.3.3 Commercial production and evaluation of biological control agents
  • References
• 7 Symbionts and Pathogens of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Microorganisms Associated with D. citri
    • 7.2.1 Microbial diversity
    • 7.2.2 Primary and secondary endosymbionts
    • 7.2.3 Wolbachia
    • 7.2.4 Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
    • 7.2.5 Commensal bacteria
  • 7.3 D. citri Immune System: Response to Microbial Invasion
    • 7.3.1 Immune system pathways in the D. citri genome
    • 7.3.2 Reduced function may facilitate symbiont colonization
  • 7.4 Symbiont Manipulation for Pathogen and Vector Management
    • 7.4.1 Paratransgenesis
    • 7.4.2 Antimicrobials
  • 7.5 Conclusions
  • References
• 8 Huanglongbing Pathogens: Acquisition, Transmission and Vector Interactions
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Pathogen Acquisition from Infected Plants
  • 8.3 Latent Period and Pathogen Translocation in the Psyllid Vector
  • 8.4 Pathogen Multiplication in the Vector
  • 8.5 Pathogen Retention and Inoculation by the Vector
  • 8.6 Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Liberibacters Among Psyllid Individuals
  • 8.7 Effects of Liberibacter on the Vector Biology and Fitness
  • 8.8 Molecular and Proteomic Interactions between Liberibacter and the Vector
  • 8.9 Conclusions and Future Directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 9 Epidemiology of Huanglongbing: Implications of Infective Colonization Events
  • 9.1 The New Transmission Mechanism: Infective Colonization Events
  • 9.2 Significance of Positive Psyllids and Psyllid Testing
  • 9.3 Single Trees
  • 9.4 Grove-scale Movement
  • 9.5 Scale of the Grove Neighborhood
  • 9.6 Statewide Movement
  • 9.7 Management Implications
    • 9.7.1 Nursery management
    • 9.7.2 Grove management
    • 9.7.3 Psyllid control
    • 9.7.4 Replanting
  • 9.8 Can the Long and Variable Incubation Period Help to Mitigate Disease?
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 10 Sampling and Economic Thresholds for Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 10.1 Asian Citrus Psyllid Monitoring
    • 10.1.1 Goals of ACP monitoring plans
    • 10.1.2 ACP sampling methods
      • 10.1.2.1 Stem-tap sampling
      • 10.1.2.2 Sticky traps
      • 10.1.2.3 Visual sampling
      • 10.1.2.4 Suction sampling
      • 10.1.2.5 Sweep nets
    • 10.1.3 Criteria for selection of sample method
  • 10.2 Economic Thresholds for ACP Management
    • 10.2.1 Economic thresholds for disease vectors
    • 10.2.2 Economic thresholds for ACP control at low HLB incidence
    • 10.2.3 Economic injury levels for ACP control at moderate-to-high HLB incidence
      • 10.2.3.1 Relationship between cumulative tap results and yield
      • 10.2.3.2 Practical use of cumulative stem-tap results for making spray decisions
  • References
• 11 Management Objectives and Integration of Strategies for the Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • 11.1 Objectives of Asian Citrus Psyllid Management
  • 11.2 Pre-ACP Strategies
  • 11.3 Early-stage Invasion Strategies
  • 11.4 Mid-stage Invasion Strategies
  • 11.5 Late-stage Invasion
  • 11.6 Climate, Psyllids and HLB
  • 11.7 Insecticidal Control
    • 11.7.1 Criteria for choice
    • 11.7.2 Population detection and monitoring
    • 11.7.3 Economic injury levels
    • 11.7.4 Where to spray: the ‘edge effect’
    • 11.7.5 Application method
    • 11.7.6 Resistance management
    • 11.7.7 Area-wide management
  • 11.8 Integration with Biological Control
  • 11.9 Exclusion Methods
  • 11.10 The Way Forward
  • Acknowledgement
  • References
• 12 Management of the Asian Citrus Psyllid in Asia
  • 12.1 Origin and Spread
  • 12.2 Pest Status
  • 12.3 Industries and Orchards
  • 12.4 Current Distribution and Influence of Abiotic Factors
  • 12.5 Use of Insecticides and Spread of HLB
  • 12.6 Resistance to Insecticides
  • 12.7 Health and Environmental Impacts of Pesticide Use
  • 12.8 Natural Enemies
  • 12.9 Plant Volatiles and Repellency
  • 12.10 Physical Controls and General Orchard Practices
  • 12.11 Concluding Remarks
  • References
• 13 Asian Citrus Psyllid Management in São Paulo, Brazil
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Monitoring and Phytosanitary Alert System
  • 13.3 Chemical Control
    • 13.3.1 Nursery trees
    • 13.3.2 Young orchard (≤ 3 years old)
    • 13.3.3 Bearing orchard (> 3 years old)
  • 13.4 Biological Control
  • 13.5 External Actions
  • 13.6 Successful Cases of HLB Management
  • 13.7 Acknowledgements
  • References
• 14 Integrated Management of Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing in Florida: Past, Present and Future
  • 14.1 Early Detection and Spread
    • 14.1.1 Regulatory actions
    • 14.1.2 Early control efforts
  • 14.2 Critical Elements of ACP Management in Florida
    • 14.2.1 Insecticidal control
      • 14.2.1.1 Transmission and acquisition
      • 14.2.1.2 Time and space considerations
      • 14.2.1.3 Dormant sprays
      • 14.2.1.4 Edge effect
    • 14.2.2 Area-wide management
      • 14.2.2.1 Demise of CHMA
    • 14.2.3 Effect of hurricanes
    • 14.2.4 Economic injury levels
    • 14.2.5 Product choices and efficacy
    • 14.2.6 Resistance management
    • 14.2.7 Secondary pest resurgence
  • 14.3 Biological Control
    • 14.3.1 Natural control
    • 14.3.2 Augmentation
  • 14.4 Cultural Control
    • 14.4.1 Foliar nutrition, soil pH and amendments
    • 14.4.2 Flush management
    • 14.4.3 Reflective mulch
    • 14.4.4 Protected crops
  • 14.5 Production Trends
  • Acknowledgement
  • References
• 15 Area-wide Management of Asian Citrus Psyllid in Texas
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Citrus Production in Texas
    • 15.2.1 Commercial citrus
    • 15.2.2 Dooryard citrus
  • 15.3 ACP Population Fluctuations in Relation to Citrus Tree Phenology
  • 15.4 Development and Implementation of ACP Area-wide Integrated Management System (AIMS) in Commercial Groves
    • 15.4.1 Development of AIMS
    • 15.4.2 Implementation and grower education
    • 15.4.3 Sampling and monitoring of D. citri populations
  • 15.5 ACP Control in Minimally Managed and Abandoned Groves
  • 15.6 ACP Control in Urban Settings
  • 15.7 Nursery Regulations to Mitigate ACP
  • 15.8 Perspectives
  • References
• 16 Management of Asian Citrus Psyllid in California
  • 16.1 Management of ACP and HLB in Southern California
  • 16.2 Central California ACP and HLB Management
  • 16.3 Statewide Summary
  • References
• 17 Advances in RNA Suppression of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Vector and Bacteria (Huanglongbing Pathosystem)
  • 17.1 Introduction: Huanglongbing
    • 17.1.1 Asian citrus psyllid and huanglongbing
    • 17.1.2 Management strategies
    • 17.1.3 Technologies to protect citrus
  • 17.2 Progress in Psyllid Gene Annotation and Resources
  • 17.3 Advances in RNAi in Psyllids
  • 17.4 Progress of RNA Suppression Technologies to Reduce ACP
  • 17.5 Non-canonical Nucleotides in dsRNA Increases Persistence and RNAi Activity
  • 17.6 Delivery Mechanisms
    • 17.6.1 Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules
    • 17.6.2 BAPC-delivered RNAi system in arthropods
  • 17.7 Gene Editing Strategies in Asian Citrus Psyllids
    • 17.7.1 CRISPR/CAS9 background
    • 17.7.2 BAPC-CRISPR/Cas9 delivery system: adult ovaries for heritable germline gene editing (Hemiptera: Diaphorina citri)
    • 17.7.3 BAPC-CRISPR/Cas9 psyllid gene selection
  • 17.8 Future Perspective
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• Index