"This ninth volume of the International Social Security series, which studies the social security and retirement experiences of 12 developed countries, examines the effects of pension reform on employment at older ages. In the two decades since the project began, a dramatic decline in men's labor force participation has been replaced by sharply rising participation rates. Older women's participation has increased dramatically as well. While better health, more education, and changes in labor supply behavior of married couples may have affected this trend, these factors alone cannot explain the magnitude of the employment increase and its large variation across countries. Concurrently with rising participation rates, countries have undertaken numerous reforms of their social security programs, disability programs, and other public benefit programs for older workers. Using a common template for analysis across the 12 countries so that results are easily compared, the studies in this volume explore how financial incentives to work at older ages have evolved from 1980 to the present as a result of public pension reforms, and how much of the changes in employment over this period can be explained by these changing incentives. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that social security reforms have strengthened the incentives for work at older ages, and that these enhanced financial incentives contributed to the rise in employment at older ages during this period"--.

• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction | Axel Börsch-Supan and Courtney C. Coile
• 1. Social Security Incentives in Belgium: An Analysis of Four Decades of Change | Anne-Lore Fraikin, Alain Jousten, and Mathieu Lefebvre
• 2. Retirement Incentives and Canada’s Social Security Programs | Kevin Milligan and Tammy Schirle
• 3. Labor Force Exit in Denmark, 1980–2016: Impact from Changes in Incentives | Paul Bingley, Nabanita Datta Gupta, Malene Kallestrup-Lamb, and Peder J. Pedersen
• 4. Workers’ Employment Rates and Pension Reforms in France: The Role of Implicit Labor Taxation | Didier Blanchet, Antoine Bozio, Simon Rabaté, and Muriel Roger
• 5. Social Security Reforms and the Changing Retirement Behavior in Germany | Axel Börsch-Supan, Johannes Rausch, and Nicolas Goll
• 6. The Evolution of Incentives for Retirement in Italy, 1980–2015 | Agar Brugiavini, Raluca Elena Buia, Giacomo Pasini, and Guglielmo Weber
• 7. Social Security Programs and Elderly Employment in Japan | Takashi Oshio, Akiko S. Oishi, and Satoshi Shimizutani
• 8. Social Security Programs and Employment at Older Ages in the Netherlands | Klaas de Vos, Arie Kapteyn, and Adriaan Kalwij
• 9. Trends in Employment and Social Security Incentives in the Spanish Pension System, 1980–2016 | Pilar García-Gómez, Sílvia Garcia-Mandicó, Sergi Jiménez-Martín, and Judit Vall-Castelló
• 10. Social Security Reforms and the Changing Retirement Behavior in Sweden | Mårten Palme and Lisa Laun
• 11. A Lifetime of Changes: State Pensions and Work Incentives at Older Ages in the UK, 1948–2018 | James Banks and Carl Emmerson
• 12. The Evolution of Retirement Incentives in the US | Courtney C. Coile
• Contributors
• Author Index
• Subject Index