"Fully updated with new content and full-colour figures, the second edition of this successful book reflects developments and growth in our knowledge of carrots and related crops. It covers the scientific basis of their biology and production, with updated technical crop management content"--.

• Carrots and Related Apiaceae Crops, 2nd Edition
• Copyright
• Contents
• Contributors
• Introduction: Contributions of the Apiaceae to the Agricultural Economy and Global Cuisines
  • A Highly Diversified and Important Family
  • Global Production of Apiaceous Crops
  • Future Outlooks for Apiaceous Crops
  • References
• 1 Taxonomy, Origin and Importanceof the Apiaceae Family
  • 1.1 Taxonomy and Its History
  • 1.2 Economic Importance, Properties and Uses
  • Further Reading
    • Whole family (chronological order)
    • Economic importance, properties and uses (chronological order)
  • References
• 2 Botany of the Family Apiaceae
  • 2.1 Morphological and Anatomical Description
  • 2.2 Biology
    • 2.2.1 Vegetative stage
    • 2.2.2 Flowering stage
    • 2.3 Caryology
  • 2.4 Fruit Dispersal
  • References
• 3 Apiaceae Seed Production
  • Introduction
  • 3.1 Reproductive Biology
  • 3.2 Open-Pollinated and Hybrid Seed Production
  • 3.3 Production Locations
  • 3.4 Production Methods
  • 3.5 Site Selection, Preparation and Planting
  • 3.6 Crop Nutrition and Irrigation
  • 3.7 Weed Control and Rogueing
  • 3.8 Management of Flowering and Pollination
  • 3.9 Pests and Diseases
  • 3.10 Seed Development and Timing Of Harvest
  • 3.11 Seed Treatments
  • References
• 4 Apiaceae, A Family of Species Rich in Secondary Metabolites: Aromatic Compounds and Medicinal Attributes
  • 4.1 Essential Oil Composition
    • 4.1.1 Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. = Visnaga daucoides Gaertn.(toothpick-plant, toothpicked, bisnaga, khella)
    • 4.1.2 Anethum graveolens L. (dill)
    • 4.1.3 Apium graveolens L. (celery)
    • 4.1.4 Carum carvi L. (caraway, meridian fennel, Persian cumin)
    • 4.1.5 Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander, cilantro, Chinese parsley)
    • 4.1.6 Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin)
    • 4.1.7 Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (wild carrot, bird’s nest, bishop’slave, Queen Anne’s lace)
    • 4.1.8 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel)
    • 4.1.9 Petroselinum crispum Mill. (parsley, garden parsley)
    • 4.1.10 Pimpinella anisum L. (anise, aniseed)
  • 4.2 Non-Volatile Organic Composition
  • 4.2.1 Polyphenolic compounds
  • 4.2.2 Sesquiterpenoids
  • 4.2.3 Phytosterols
  • 4.2.4 Carotenoids
  • 4.2.5 Polyacetylenes
  • 4.3 Conclusion
  • References
• 5 Genetic Diversity and Main Carrot Types
  • 5.1 Carrot Domestication and Evolutionary Genetics
  • 5.2 Carrot History
  • 5.3 Cultivated Carrot Diversity
  • 5.4 Main Carrot Types
  • 5.5 Carrot Crop Wild Relatives
  • 5.6 Access to Genetic Resources
  • 5.7 Conclusion
  • References
• 6 Carrot Genetics and Breeding
  • 6.1 Carrot Seed Production and Cultivar Development for Global Climates
    • 6.1.1 Carrot reproductive biology
    • 6.1.2 Sources of genetic variation
    • 6.1.3 Breeding history
    • 6.1.4 Breeding goals
  • 6.2 Trait Genetics and Candidate Genes
    • 6.2.1 Vernalization and floral induction
    • 6.2.2 Cytoplasmic male sterility
    • 6.2.3 Uniformity and productivity
    • 6.2.4 Root shape and appearance
    • 6.2.5 Carrot colour and flavour
    • 6.2.6 Disease and pest resistance
    • 6.2.7 Abiotic stress tolerance and weed competitiveness
  • 6.3 Molecular Breeding and Genetics
    • 6.3.1 The carrot genome
    • 6.3.2 Tissue culture and genome engineering
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • References
• 7 Carrot Growth and Development
  • 7.1 The First Phases of Development
  • 7.2 Morphology of the Root at Harvest Time
  • 7.3 Evolution of Carrot Root Biochemical Composition
    • 7.3.1 Composition of soluble sugars
    • 7.3.2 Evolution of the carotenoid content
    • 7.3.3 Evolution of the total fibre content
  • 7.4 Floral Induction and Vernalization
  • 7.5 Bolting, Flowering and Floral Biology
  • 7.6 Seed Characteristics and Emergence
  • References
• 8 Carrot Production Practices
  • 8.1 Climatic Requirements
  • 8.2 Soil Requirements
  • 8.3 Planting and Spacing
  • 8.4 Germination
  • 8.5 Irrigation and Fertilization
  • 8.6 Carrot Harvest
  • 8.7 Postharvest Handling
  • Further Reading
• 9 Integrated Weed Management in Carrot
  • Introduction
  • 9.1 Weed Interference In Carrot
  • 9.2 Non-Chemical Weed Management
    • 9.2.1 Crop rotations and systems to favour carrot over weeds
    • 9.2.2 Planting timing to favour rapid early-season carrot growth andcompetitiveness
    • 9.2.3 False sowing
    • 9.2.4 Competitive carrot varieties to suppress or tolerate weedinfestations
    • 9.2.5 Mechanical or physical weed management
    • 9.2.6 Thermal weed management
    • 9.2.7 Reduced tillage, cover crops and mulch
    • 9.2.8 Hand weeding
  • 9.3 Herbicides for Weed Management
    • 9.3.1 Linuron
    • 9.3.2 Metribuzin
    • 9.3.3 S-Metolachlor
    • 9.3.4 Pendimethalin
    • 9.3.5 Prometryn
    • 9.3.6 Trifluralin
    • 9.3.7 Graminicides
    • 9.3.8 Natural herbicides and biological control
  • 9.4 Future Challenges in Carrot Weed Management
  • 9.5 Current and Future Areas of Carrot weed Management Research
  • References
• 10 Carrot Disease Management
  • 10.1 Disease Forecast Models
  • 10.2 Biocontrol
  • 10.3 Agro-Technical Measures
  • 10.4 Treated Seeds
  • 10.5 Varietal Resistance
  • 10.6 Conclusion
  • References
• 11 Management of Carrot Pests
  • 11.1 Nematodes
  • 11.2 Molluscs
  • 11.3 Insects
    • 11.3.1 Hemiptera
      • Aphids
      • Mirid bugs
      • Leaf hoppers and fulgores
      • Psyllids
    • 11.3.2 Coleoptera
      • Carrot weevil
      • Click beetle
    • 11.3.3 Lepidoptera
    • 11.3.4 Diptera
      • Carrot fly
      • Leaf miners
  • 11.4 Vertebrate Pests
  • References
• 12 Carrot Diseases Resulting from Phytoplasmas and Viruses
  • 12.1 Aster Yellows Phytoplasmas, Candidatus Phytoplasma Asteris
    • 12.1.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.1.2 Aetiological agent
    • 12.1.3 Disease ecology and management
  • 12.2 Beet Leaf Hopper-Transmitted Virescence Agent Phytoplasma
    • 12.2.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.2.2 Aetiological agent
    • 12.2.3 Disease ecology and management
  • 12.3 Carrot Virus Y
    • 12.3.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.3.2 Aetiological agent
    • 12.3.3 Disease ecology and management
  • 12.4 Carrot Thin Leaf Virus
    • 12.4.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.4.2 Aetiological agent
    • 12.4.3 Disease ecology and management
  • 12.5 Celery Mosaic Virus
    • 12.5.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.5.1 Disease symptoms and crops affected
    • 12.5.2 Aetiological agent
    • 12.5.3 Disease ecology and management
  • References
• 13 Carrot Physiological Disorders and Crop Adaptation to Stress
  • 13.1 Physiological Disorders Related to Root Morphology
    • 13.1.1 Root stubbing and root forking (also known as fangingor sprangling)
    • 13.1.2 Root splitting/cracking/breakage
    • 13.1.3 Water spot
  • 13.2 Physiological Disorders Related to Root Appearance
    • 13.2.1 Surface browning
    • 13.2.2 White or grey aspect of the periderm (bleaching, whitening)
    • 13.2.3 Defects in uniformity of root colouring
    • 13.2.4 Off-colour of carrot crowns (green and reddish purple)
  • 13.3 Physiological Disorders Related to Plant Development
    • 13.3.1 Yellowing and reddening of foliage
    • 13.3.2 Early bolting
    • 13.3.3 Phytotoxicity
    • 13.3.4 Weather-related injuries (frost, hail, heat, lightning,water and wind)
  • 13.4 Mechanisms of Adaptation to Stress
  • 13.5 Various Effects of Main Stresses
  • References
• 14 Carrot Root Quality
  • 14.1 Determinants of Carrot Quality
  • 14.2 Influence of Growing Environment
    • 14.2.1 Area and year of production
    • 14.2.2 Sowing date and crop cycle
    • 14.2.3 Influence of temperature
    • 14.2.4 Soil nature
  • 14.3 Influence of Growing Practices
    • 14.3.1 Soil preparation
    • 14.3.2 Nitrogen fertilization
    • 14.3.3 Other fertilizing elements
    • 14.3.4 Influence of water supply
    • 14.3.5 Effect of cover crops
    • 14.3.6 Effect of growth stimulators
    • 14.3.7 Other growing practices
  • 14.4 Comparison of Cropping Systems
  • 14.5 Effect of Stresses on Quality
  • 14.6 Monitoring Carrot Composition
  • References
• 15 Cold Storage of Carrots
  • 15.1 Different Approaches to Long-Term Storage of Carrots
  • 15.2 Optimum Storage Conditions
  • 15.3 Storage Facilities
  • 15.4 Factors to Improve Storage Life of Carrots
  • 15.5 Fungal Plant Pathogens in Long-Term Storage
  • 15.6 Other Factors Affecting Carrot Quality in Storage
  • 15.7 Methods to Improve Storage of Carrots
  • 15.8 Conclusion
  • References
• 16 Organic Carrot Production
  • 16.1 The Organic Carrot Market
  • 16.2 Organic Carrot Production
  • 16.3 Weed Management
  • 16.4 Pest Management
  • 16.5 Disease Management
  • 16.6 Fertility Management
  • 16.7 Organic Carrot Seed
  • 16.8 Breeding Carrots for Organic Systems
  • References
• 17 Carrot Organoleptic Qualityand Consumer Expectations
  • 17.1 Characterizing Organoleptic Quality
    • 17.1.1 Contribution of sensory analysis
    • 17.1.2 Sensory profiles based on quantitative descriptive analysis
    • 17.1.3 Carrot sampling
    • 17.1.4 Sensory attributes most suitable to describe carrot
      • Appearance
      • Texture
      • Taste
      • Flavour
  • 17.2 Factors Impacting Sensory Quality
    • 17.2.1 Sensory variability in relation with genotype
    • 17.2.2 Sensory variability in relation with the environment
    • 17.2.3 Sensory variability in relation to the growing system:conventional versus organic
    • 17.2.4 Impact of Postharvest Conditions on Sensory Quality
  • 17.3 Consumer Expectations
    • 17.3.1 Measurements of consumer preferences
    • 17.3.2 Preference mapping
    • 17.3.3 Drivers of preference
    • 17.3.4 Consumer segmentation based on their preferences
  • References
• 18 Ajowan
  • 18.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 18.2 Plant Development and Composition
  • 18.3 Cropping System
  • 18.4 Postharvest
  • 18.5 Product Valorization
  • References
• 19 Angelica
  • 19.1 Biology
  • 19.2 Uses
  • 19.3 Crop Management Strategies
  • 19.4 Diseases and Pests
  • 19.5 Harvest
  • References
• 20 Arracacha
  • 20.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 20.2 Plant Development
  • 20.3 Cropping System
  • 20.4 Postharvest
  • 20.5 Product Valorization
  • 20.6 Perspectives
  • References
• 21 Caraway and Cumin
  • 21.1 Caraway
    • 21.1.1 Importance of species and growing areas
    • 21.1.2 Plant development
    • 21.1.3 Cropping system
    • 21.1.4 Product valorization
  • 21.2 Cumin
    • 21.2.1 Importance of species and growing areas
    • 21.2.2 Plant development
    • 21.2.3 Cropping system
    • 21.2.4 Product valorization
  • References
• 22 Celeriac
  • 22.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 22.2 Plant Development
  • 22.3 Variety Adaptation
  • 22.4 Cropping System
    • 22.4.1 Transplanting material
    • 22.4.2 Crop requirements
    • 22.4.3 Main diseases
    • 22.4.4 Main pests
    • 22.4.5 Weed management
    • 22.4.6 Harvest
  • 22.5 Storage and Postharvest Handling
  • 22.6 Commerce
  • References
• 23 Celery
  • 23.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 23.2 Botany
  • 23.3 Plant Development
  • 23.4 Crop Production
  • 23.5 Nutrition/Fertilization
  • 23.6 Irrigation
  • 23.7 Harvest
  • 23.8 Diseases
  • 23.9 Insects
  • 23.10 Abiotic Disorders
  • References
• 24 Chervil
  • Introduction
  • 24.1 Importance and History of the Species
  • 24.2 Plant Development
  • 24.3 Cultivation
  • 24.4 Postharvest
  • 24.5 Main Utilization and Quality Preservation
  • 24.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
  • References
• 25 Coriander
  • 25.1 Biology
  • 25.2 Use
  • 25.3 Crop Management Strategies
  • 25.4 Diseases and Pests
  • 25.5 Crop Protection
  • 25.6 Harvest
  • References
• 26 Dill
  • 26.1 History, Importance and Growing Areas
  • 26.2 Etymology, Morphology, Constituents
  • 26.3 Cropping System
  • 26.4 Postharvest
  • 26.5 Product Valorization
  • References
• 27 Fennel
  • 27.1 Botany and Classification
  • 27.2 Importance and Growing Areas
  • 27.3 Adaptation, Development and Biology
    • 27.3.1 Main developmental stages
    • 27.3.2 Main physiological disorders of Florence fennel
  • 27.4 Adapted Varieties for Year-Roundproduction
  • 27.5 Cropping System
  • 27.6 Main Diseases
  • 27.7 Postharvest
  • 27.8 Main Uses
  • References
• 28 Parsley
  • 28.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 28.2 Plant Development and Cropping System
  • 28.3 Postharvest and Product Valorization
  • References
• 29 Parsnip
  • 29.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 29.2 Plant Development
  • 29.3 Cropping System
  • 29.4 Postharvest and Product Valorization
  • References
• 30 Tuberous-Rooted Chervil
  • Introduction
  • 30.1 Importance of Species and Growing Areas
  • 30.2 Plant Development
  • 30.3 Cropping System
    • 30.3.1 Soil preparation
    • 30.3.2 Sowing
    • 30.3.3 Irrigation
    • 30.3.4 Fertilization
    • 30.3.5 Pest and disease management
    • 30.3.7 Postharvest
  • 30.4 Product Quality
  • 30.5 Conclusions
  • References
• Index