"This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family, in some cases representing the first ever comprehensive description. Thorough philological examinations result in empirically well-founded analyses illustrated by over 940 examples. The unique temporal depth and diatopic breadth of attested Indo-European languages permits the investigation both of TAME (Tense-Aspect-Mood-Evidentiality) systems over time and of recurring cycles of change as well as synchronic patterns of areal distribution and contact phenomena, possibilities fully exploited in the volume. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic perspective adopted by many authors, as well as the inclusion of contributions which go beyond the boundaries of the Indo-European family per se, facilitates typological comparison. As such, the volume is intended to serve as a springboard for future research both into the semantics of the perfect in Indo-European itself, and verb systems across the world's languages"--.

• PERFECTS IN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGESAND BEYOND
• Editorial page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• Editors’ foreword
  • Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 1. Introduction
  • 1. General remarks
  • 2. Meaning
  • 3. Diathesis and alignment
  • 4. Further observations
  • 5. Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems: An overview
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The inherited IE perfect
    • 2.1 The (Proto-)Indo-European background
    • 2.2 The development of the old perfect in IE
  • 3. New perfects
    • 3.1 Periphrasis with copula only
    • 3.2 Periphrasis with ‘be’ + ‘have’
    • 3.3 Other developments
  • 4. New functions of the (old or new) perfect
    • 4.1 Perfective and/or past
    • 4.2 Inferential (evidential)
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abbreviations
  • References
• Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present
  • 1. Preliminaries
    • 1.1 Overview
    • 1.2 Typological features of Celtic verbs
  • 2. ‘After’-perfect (p1)
    • 2.1 General structure
    • 2.2 Earlier stages
    • 2.3 Function
    • 2.4 Current usage
    • 2.5 Incompatibility
    • 2.6 Hiberno-English
    • 2.7 Scottish Gaelic
    • 2.8 Manx
    • 2.9 Welsh
  • 3. p2: have-perfect
    • 3.1 General structure
    • 3.2 Possessive character
    • 3.3 Related structures
    • 3.4 Definiteness, relevance and proximity
    • 3.5 Options and constraints
    • 3.6 Paradigmatic environment
    • 3.7 Evolution/Contacts
    • 3.8 Combination of p1 & p2
    • 3.9 have-perfect in Eastern Gaelic
    • 3.10 have-perfect in Breton
  • 4. Voice
    • 4.1 From ‘passive’ to ‘autonomous’
    • 4.2 p2 as passive
    • 4.3 Passive in p1
  • 5. Derived tenses: Anteriority and Posteriority
  • 6. Non-finite perfect equivalents
    • 6.1 do/i ‘to’ as agent marker
    • 6.2 Small clauses with agus
    • 6.3 Obsolete iar > ar
  • 7. Phrasal verbs
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Perfect forms in modern Germanic languages
  • 3. The emergence and developments of the Germanic perfects
    • 3.1 The origin in Old Germanic
    • 3.2 The emergence of the German perfect
    • 3.3 The expansion of the German perfect
    • 3.4 Degrees of perfect expansion in modern Germanic languages
  • 4. Consequences and current trends
    • 4.1 Präteritumschwund in German dialects
    • 4.2 Double perfect constructions in German substandard varieties
    • 4.3 Re-introduction of a temporal opposition in English
  • 5. Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Perfects in Baltic
    • 2.1 Formal issues
    • 2.2 Functions of perfect constructions
    • 2.3 Issues of grammaticalisation
    • 2.4 Issues of diachrony
  • 3. Slavic
    • 3.1 Basic morphosyntactic classification
    • 3.2 The provenance of the participles
    • 3.3 Functional distinctions, range of lexical input and areal spread
    • 3.4 Intersections with related domains
    • 3.5 Diachronic development
    • 3.6 Pluperfect, future perfect and related constructions
    • 3.7 Summary on Slavic
  • 4. Bringing the threads together
    • 4.1 Main lines of diachronic development and patterns of areal spread
    • 4.2 On grammaticalisation parameters
  • 5. Paradigmatic variability
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Sources
• Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Perfect as a cross-linguistic category
  • 3. The old perfect
  • 4. The new perfect. Morphosyntactic properties
    • 4.1 The auxiliaries
    • 4.2 pret.p orientation
  • 5. Functions of the pret.p construction
    • 5.1 Resultative meaning
    • 5.2 Perfect meaning
    • 5.3 Pluperfect
    • 5.4 Preterite functioning as a perfect
  • 6. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Funding
  • References
• Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Theoretical and philological preliminaries
    • 2.1 Theoretical considerations
    • 2.2 Philological preliminaries
  • 3. The synthetic perfect in Indo-Iranian
    • 3.1 The Proto-Indo-Iranian situation
    • 3.2 Outline of the development of the synthetic Perfect in Old Iranian
  • 4. The synthetic Perfect in Old Indo-Aryan
    • 4.1 The synthetic Perfect in Early Vedic
    • 4.2 The synthetic Perfect in Middle Vedic
    • 4.3 The synthetic Perfect in Late Vedic
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Historical and typological overview
  • 3. Perfect formations in Iranian languages
    • 3.1 Type 1 – the prf.p construction
    • 3.2 Types 2 and 3 – two isolated cases
    • 3.3 Type 6 – the ak perfect
    • 3.4 Type 4 – the ‘stay perfect’
    • 3.5 Types 5 and 5′ – the ‘have perfect’
    • 3.6 Type 7 – the ‘exist perfect’
    • 3.7 Types 8, 9 and further subtypes
  • 4. Semantics of Iranian perfects
    • 4.1 Double perfects or supercomposed perfects
    • 4.2 Perfect and evidentiality
    • 4.3 Perfect continuous forms
  • 5. Summary
  • Bibliography
• Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic
  • 1. Expression of the perfective
  • 2. Classification of perfect forms
    • 2.1 Type 1: Copula placed before the perfective form
    • 2.2 Type 2: Past stem inflected with D-suffixes
    • 2.3 Type 3: Resultative participle and copula
    • 2.4 Perfects with addition of invariable copula
    • 2.5 Asymmetries
  • 3. Historical development and language contact
  • 4. Function of the perfect
    • 4.1 Resultative state
    • 4.2 Anterior
    • 4.3 Existential
    • 4.4 Evidential
    • 4.5 Presuppositional
    • 4.6 Remote past
  • 5. Function of the perfect in contact languages
  • 6. Analysis of temporal structure
    • 6.1 Resultative state
    • 6.2 Anterior
    • 6.3 Existential
    • 6.4 Evidential
    • 6.5 Presuppositional
    • 6.6 Remote past
  • 7. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Syntax
  • 3. Morphology
  • 4. Semantics
    • 4.1 Participle
    • 4.2 Perfect
    • 4.3 One-place predicates
    • 4.4 Two-place predicates
  • 5. Later developments
  • 6. Summary
  • References
• Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Aims and structure of the chapter
    • 1.2 The Anatolian verbal system in an Indo-European perspective
  • 2. Periphrastic perfect constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective
    • 2.1 Typology of periphrastic constructions
    • 2.2 Aspect and actionality
  • 3. Current research and open issues
    • 3.1 ḫark- and eš- constructions
    • 3.2 Semantics of the Hittite participle
    • 3.3 The periphrastic passive construction
    • 3.4 Formal aspects of ḫark- and eš- constructions
    • 3.5 Relationship between ḫark- and eš- constructions
  • 4. AVC or stative construction?
    • 4.1 Imperative
    • 4.2 Indicative
    • 4.3 Discussion
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic
  • 1. Introductory remark on the term ‘perfect’
  • 2. The Gothic ga-compounds as viewpoint-aspect markers
  • 3. ‘Aspectual-like’ prefixations vs. periphrastic constructions in Western Germanic
  • 4. Periphrastic constructions with perfective function in Gothic and their counterparts in Old Western Germanic languages
  • 5. A remark on Modern German passive constructions
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • Sources
• Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Morphology
    • 1.2 Periodisation
    • 1.3 The problem of the semantics of the Greek perfect
  • 2. Theoretical preliminaries
    • 2.1 Homogeneity, state and change-of-state
    • 2.2 Target (T) and Result (R) states
    • 2.3 Internal and external arguments
  • 3. Mycenaean
  • 4. Archaic Greek
    • 4.1 State and other homogeneous predicates
    • 4.2 Change-of-state predicates (non-causative)
    • 4.3 Causative COS predicates
    • 4.4 Two-place verbs introducing non-homogeneous non-COS predicates
    • 4.5 Semantics of the perfect in Archaic Greek
  • 5. Classical
    • 5.1 Continuity with Archaic Greek
    • 5.2 Paradigmatisation: Expansion of the active ~ non-active opposition in the perfect
    • 5.3 Specialised transitivising and detransitivising perfect active stems
    • 5.4 Lability in the perfect system
    • 5.5 Felicity conditions
    • 5.6 Summary of the semantics of the perfect in Classical Greek
  • 6. Post-Classical Greek
    • 6.1 Overview
    • 6.2 Literary language: Distributional trends with respect to earlier periods
    • 6.3 Semantic continuity with earlier periods
    • 6.4 Documentary texts
    • 6.5 Semantics of the perfect in post-Classical Greek
  • 7. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Funding
  • Abbreviations
  • References
• Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek
  • 1. The inheritance from antiquity
  • 2. Perfect and pluperfect in Medieval Greek
    • 2.1 Perfects
    • 2.2 Pluperfects
  • 3. Perfect and pluperfect in Modern Greek
  • 4. Conclusion
  • 5. Summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • Editions of Ancient Greek texts
  • Editions of medieval literary texts
  • Collections of medieval non-literary texts
  • Secondary bibliography
• Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)
  • 1. General characteristics: Affiliation, areal relationships, attestation, and sources of Albanian
    • 1.1 The most important Old Geg literary sources
    • 1.2 The transcription system used
  • 2. Terminology
  • 3. An overview of the Tense-Aspect-Mood system of Old Geg
    • 3.1 The Tense-Aspect-Mood system of the Old Geg synthetic verbal stems
    • 3.2 The perfect system
    • 3.3 The future/conditional system
  • 4. The voice system
  • 5. Origin and functions of the Old Geg aorist; syncretism in the early history of Albanian
    • 5.1 Origin of the aorist
    • 5.2 Functions of the aorist in Old Geg
  • 6. The perfect system of Old Geg
    • 6.1 Morphology of the perfect system
    • 6.2 The functions of the present perfect indicative of Old Geg
    • 6.3 The function of the imperfect past perfect indicative
    • 6.4 The function of the aorist past perfect indicative
    • 6.5 The function of the present perfect indicative II
    • 6.6 The function of the imperfect past perfect indicative II
    • 6.7 The function of the present perfect subjunctive; general remarks on the non-indicative subcategories of the perfect system
    • 6.8 The function of the imperfect past perfect subjunctive
    • 6.9 The function of the present perfect optative
  • 7. The inverted univerbated perfect and the rise of the admirative
    • 7.1 Morphology of the inverted univerbated perfect (iup)
    • 7.2 Functions of iup tenses and moods in Buzuku
    • 7.3 More on the rise of the admirative in Old Geg: The evidence of Budi
  • 8. Summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • Funding
  • References
    • Sources of Old Albanian
    • Secondary literature
• Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Formal overview
    • 1.2 The problem of the semantics of the Latin perfect
    • 1.3 Periodization of Latin
  • 2. Frameworks, terminology and definitions
    • 2.1 Viewpoint aspect
    • 2.2 Tense
    • 2.3 Situation types
    • 2.4 Conceptual moments
    • 2.5 Change of state
    • 2.6 Resultative
    • 2.7 The semantics ~ pragmatics interface
  • 3. The semantics of the EL and CL perfect stems
    • 3.1 Synthetic present perfect
    • 3.2 Synthetic past and future perfects
    • 3.3 Synthetic perfect infinitive
    • 3.4 Defective synthetic forms
    • 3.5 Participle in -tu- < *-to-
    • 3.6 Analytic perfect
  • 4. Conclusion: Unity in the semantics of the perfect system?
  • Acknowledgements
  • Funding
  • Formal semantics symbols and abbreviations
  • References
• Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk: The perfect in the languages of Europe
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The distribution of the perfect
  • 3. Old High German and Old Saxon and the Charlemagne Sprachbund
  • 4. Portuguese on the periphery
    • 4.1 The influence of Arabic
    • 4.2 Historical background of Al-Andalus
    • 4.3 The perfects of Arabic
    • 4.4 Possible influence on Romance perfects
  • 5. Czech, Slovak, and the influence of German
    • 5.1 Historical background of German influence
    • 5.2 German influence on aspectual distribution of Czech
    • 5.3 Prescriptive reactions to German influence
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
• Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek
  • 1. The perfect in context: English
  • 2. The perfect in context: Sistani Balochi
  • 3. The perfect in context: New Testament Greek
  • 4. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Data sources for multilingual linguistic research
  • 3. Methods in multilingual corpus studies
  • 4. The corpora
  • 5. Perfects and iamitives
  • 6. Parameters of variation in IE perfects and elsewhere
  • 7. Incipient grammaticalization of ‘already’ in Indo-European languages
  • 8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix. Languages represented in the NT gram set (ISO 639–3 codes in square brackets)
• Language index
• Subject index