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Dennis, Roger L. H. Butterfly biology systems: connections and interactions in life history and behaviour / by Roger L.H. Dennis. — 1 online resource (xxii, 478 pages): color illustrations. — "Written by one of the world's leading and most respected experts on butterfly ecology, behaviour and conservation, this book summarises in one place for the first time our knowledge of butterfly life history strategies, behaviour and systems. This book represents a major contribution to the field of butterfly biology and entomology in general"-- Provided by publisher. — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/2648011.pdf>.

Дата создания записи: 26.04.2020

Тематика: Butterflies.; Butterflies

Коллекции: EBSCO

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Оглавление

  • Cover
  • Butterfly Biology Systems Connections and Interactions in Life History and Behaviour
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Appendix: Supplementary Figures (online)
  • Preface
  • Key for figures
  • Acknowledgements
  • SECTION A Language and Concepts of Systems Theory
    • Chapter A.1 Reality, Abstractions and Systems
      • Systems as models for relationships
      • Modelling issues
      • Scientific method and evidence-based research
    • Chapter A.2 Types of Systems
      • Functional classification
      • Structural classification
    • Chapter A.3 Structure and Relationship in Systems
      • Components
      • Links
      • Types of relationship
      • Association and causation
    • Chapter A.4 Systems States
      • Feedback, self-regulation and equilibrium states
      • Lags and relaxation time
      • Biological systems: the nature of responses
    • Chapter A.5 Measurement of Relationships in Systems
      • The data box: classes,components and elements
      • Measures of association
      • Regression, noise and inferring cause–effect relationships
      • Path analysis and structural equations
      • Size, order and hierarchy in relationships
      • Modelling the system
      • Approaches to the probability of events
    • Chapter A.6 Catering for Taxa and Phylogenies
      • Taxonomy and systematics
      • Proximity of relationships: phylogeny and/or convergence
    • Chapter A.7 Systematic Reviews of Research Findings: Meta-analysis and Evidence-based Programmes
  • SECTION B Perspectives on Butterfly Biology
    • Chapter B.1 Taxonomic Constraints in Biological Systems
      • The Lepidoptera
      • Butterfly clades
      • Differences among butterfly clades:basic sources and indications
      • Taxonomy and shifting relationships
      • Transformation: breaking the species barrier
    • Chapter B.2 The Time Frame in Butterfly Biology Systems
      • The butterfly fossil record
      • Butterfly–plant evolution
    • Chapter B.3 The Space Frame for Butterfly Biology Systems
      • The grain and extent of studies
      • The interlocking space-time frame
      • Faunas and faunal regions
    • Chapter B.4 Habitat: the Context for Individuals and Populations
      • Traditional habitat space and its failings
      • The resource-based habitat – basicide as and extensions
      • Habitat and niche
      • Measures of resource integration and compaction
      • The resource-based habitat – extending the scope and narrowing the focus
      • Movement: the glue that links resource use
    • Chapter B.5 The Butterfly Body Frame: Basic Contrastsin Butterfly Biology
      • Sensing the environment
      • Contrasts in form: horses for courses
      • Evolutionary development of endless patterns and forms
      • Stages of development and variation in appearance: local and global diversity
      • Sexual dimorphism: sexual selection or natural selection
    • Chapter B.6 Trade-offs and Regulation in Butterfly Biology
    • Chapter B.7 Model Taxa and Model Systems
    • Chapter B.8 Butterfly Databases
    • Chapter B.9 Basic Connections and Broad Divisions in Butterfly Biology
  • SECTION C Butterfly Life History – Basic Trade-offs in Reproduction, Development and Survival
    • Chapter C.1 Size, Brood Number and Development:Fewer Large Eggs or More Small Eggs?
      • Across-species maternal egg-size associations
      • Within-species egg-size fecundity relationships
      • Cautionary messages from fine resolution research
    • Chapter C.2 Conundrum of Larval Growth: Fast and Small, Slow and Large, or Neither?
      • Halts and steps in growth strategies
      • Some internal and external factors affecting growth and development
      • Consequences of sex dimorphism for growth and development
      • Factors and cues in growth patterns
      • Some key observations
    • Chapter C.3 Alternatives to Continuous Development: to Stay and Adjust or Leave?
      • Hibernation and aestivation
      • Migration
      • Seasonal polyphenism
      • Critical seasons: expectations and exceptions
    • Chapter C.4 Single or Gregarious Living? Host Drivers and Taxon Dependence
      • Penalties and payoffs of egg clustering: how often and how many?
      • Costs and benefits at the larval stage:the aggregation–defence–signalling conundrum
      • Adult aggregations
    • Chapter C.5 Alternatives in Mating: When, How Often and for How Long?
      • Protandry versus postandry:arriving too soon, too late, or both?
      • Monandry versus polyandry:mating once or more often?
      • Copulation time: short and often,or long and infrequent?
    • Chapter C.6 Income or Capital Breeding: Invest Now and Pay Later, or Pay As You Go?
    • Chapter C.7 Mechanisms for Survival: an Arsenal for All Occasions
      • Trophic interactions and developmental stage vulnerability
      • Eluding enemies: concealment,evasion and defence
      • The anti-predator kit for life:change and compromise
    • Chapter C.8 Mimicry: Honest and Dishonest Signals of Unpalatability
      • Distinguishing types of mimicry
      • Müllerian and Batesian mimicry:a continuum of deception
      • The factor complex underlying defensive mimicry: a brief look atnumbers
      • The Batesian model: convergence of species, divergence of sexes
    • Chapter C.9 Mechanisms Extending Survival into Exploitation
      • Butterflies and ant enemy space;the bounds of associations
      • Symbiosis and beyond in the ant–butterfly realm: the worm turns
      • The impact of ant–butterfly associations on larval growth
      • Ant–butterfly associations: evolutionary links and conundrums
    • Chapter C.10 Adult Lifespan: the Implications of Living for Longer
  • SECTION D Butterfly Behaviour – Interactive Adjustments in the Habitat
    • Chapter D.1 The Context and Dimensions for Observing Individual Behaviour
    • Chapter D.2 Basking Modes, Heat and Water Balance:Adjustments to Abiotic Conditions
      • Heating and cooling mechanisms in butterflies: basic systems’ limitations
      • Wing surfaces in thermoregulation:consequences of selecting sides,angles and aspects
      • Keeping cool and staying hot: using the environment’s physical resources
      • Warming up and keeping cool as a caterpillar
    • Chapter D.3 Adult Feeding – Refuelling Strategies
      • Fuelling up on alternative sources:flower power versus meat, mud, dung,sap and salts
      • Feeding time: when, for how long,how often and on what?
      • Choosing the right flower: large or small, clumped or single?
      • Feeding at puddles:why do it with others?
    • Chapter D.4 Mate Location and Courtship – Finding Suitable Mates
      • What are the basic attributes of mate location systems?
      • Drivers of the perch-patrol continuum:the uncertainties of inter-species fundamentals
      • A choice for obtaining mates: whether to scramble about or sit put?
      • The resource conundrum: when is a perch site not a resource?
      • Territories: costs and benefits of a defended space
      • Leks: who gets on top, and why,when defence costs escalate?
      • Hilltopping and peak performance:butterfly mountaineers scale the unpredictable
    • Chapter D.5 Courtship – Doing the Business
      • Cues as codes for successful mating: why the escalating complexity?
      • Mate refusal: its development, breakdown and consequences
    • Chapter D.6 Roost and Rest Sites – Taking a Break
      • Meeting the demands of inertia
      • Communal or single sleeping:benefits and consequences?
    • Chapter D.7 Egg-laying – Unloading the Next Generation
      • Egg release and placement: where and when?
      • Egg avoidance and egg deterrence
      • Individual variation in brood size:judging what is too few or too many?
    • Chapter D.8 Larval Feeding – Body Building under Duress
      • Neonates: getting started and moving in a Brobdingnagian world
      • Growth and shifts in behaviour
      • Microcosms in space-time: shifting niches in feed–rest cycles
      • When to feed and not to feed: dangers in development
      • Butterfly larvae engineers
    • Chapter D.9 Choosing Pupation Sites – Selecting Sites for the Final Transformation
      • Trade-offs for pre-pupal wandering
      • Site selection for the pupal environment
    • Chapter D.10 Adult Anti-predator Behaviour – Life and Death in the Habitat
      • Poison, palatability, posture and signalling: alternative strategies for survival in the habitat
      • The behavioural arsenal of deceit
      • Wing eyes, spots and tails: evolutionary fingerprints of predator evasion
      • Thanatosis: a final solutionto remaining alive?
  • Epilogue
    • Key concepts for informed choices
    • Bias: the bugbear of the natural sciences
    • Complexity is in the nature of things
    • Explanations: resource limitations and the research environment
    • Butterfly science: the way ahead
  • Glossary of Terms and Concepts
  • Supplementary
  • Appendix: Symbols used in the text figures
  • References
  • Index
  • Back Cover

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