"Heritage language bilingualism refers to contexts where a minority language spoken at home is (one of) the first native language(s) of an individual who grows up and typically becomes dominant in the societal majority language. Heritage language bilinguals often wind up with grammatical systems that differ in interesting ways from dominant-native speakers growing up where their heritage language is the majority one. Understanding the trajectories and outcomes of heritage language bilingual grammatical competence, performance, language usage patterns, identities and more related topics sit at the core of many research programs across a wide array of theoretical paradigms. The study of heritage language bilingualism has grown exponentially over the past two decades. This expansion in interest has seen, in parallel, extensions in methodologies applied, bridges built between closely related fields such as the study of language contact and linguistic attrition. As is typical in linguistics, not all languages are studied to the same degree. The present volume showcases what Turkish as a heritage language brings to bear for key questions in the study of heritage language bilingualism and beyond. In many ways, Turkish is an ideal language to be studied because of its large diaspora across the world, in particular Europe. The papers in this volume are diverse: from psycholinguistic, to ethnographic, to classroom-based studies featuring Turkish as a heritage language. Together they equal more than their subparts, leading to the conclusion that understudied heritage languages like Turkish provide missing pieces to the puzzle of understanding the variables that give rise to the continuum of outcomes characteristic of heritage language speakers"--.

• Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language
• Editorial page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• Preface. Issues in heritage language research: Perspectives from Turkish in Northwestern Europe
  • Who are HL speakers?
  • Methods of investigation
    • Naturalistic data
    • Laboratory data
    • Linguistic feature(s)
    • Analysis and interpretation of findings
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Chapter 1. Turkish as a heritage language: Its context and importance for the general understanding of bilingualism
  • References
• Part I. Lexicon
• Chapter 2. Turkish heritage speakers in Germany: Vocabulary knowledge in German and Turkish
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Previous studies the language proficiency of Turkish heritage speakers
  • 3. Hypotheses
  • 4. Methodology
    • 4.1 Participants
    • 4.2 Measures
    • 4.3 Procedure
  • 5. Results
  • 6. Discussion and conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 3. Correlates of Turkish vocabulary in adolescent Turkish heritage language learners in Germany: An explorative study
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Young heritage language learners’ vocabulary development
    • 1.2 Monolingual adolescents’ vocabulary development
    • 1.3 Adolescent Turkish heritage language learners in Germany
  • 2. This study: Potential resources for adolescents’ Turkish heritage vocabulary
  • 3. Method
    • 3.1 Recruitment
    • 3.2 Participants
    • 3.3 Measures
    • 3.4 Procedure
  • 4. Results
    • 4.1 Bivariate correlations
    • 4.2 Multiple regression analyses
  • 5. Discussion
    • 5.1 Adolescents own characteristics are potential resources
    • 5.2 Reading as a resource?
    • 5.3 Family language use as a resource?
    • 5.4 Friends as a resource?
    • 5.5 Instruction as a resource?
    • 5.6 Limitations and future directions
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 4. The effects of heritage language experience on lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background
  • 3. Empirical studies
    • 3.1 Complexity measures
    • 3.2 Study 1: Adults HSs of Turkish in Hamburg
    • 3.3 Study 2: Adolescent HSs of Turkish in Munich
  • 4. Discussion and conclusion
  • References
• Part II. Morphosyntax
• Chapter 5. Convergence in the encoding of motion events in heritage Turkish in Germany: An acceptability study
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Motion events in Turkish and German
  • 3. German-Turkish language contact
  • 4. Turkish and Turkish-German speakers’ reactions on satellite-framed patterns in motion sentences
    • 4.1 Aims and methods
    • 4.2 Subjects
    • 4.3 Material
    • 4.4 Results
  • 5. Discussion
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 6. First language exposure predicts attrition patterns in Turkish heritage speakers’ use of grammatical evidentiality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Some features of evidentiality in Turkish
  • 3. Relevant studies on Turkish heritage speakers
  • 4. Method
    • 4.1 Participants
    • 4.2 Materials
    • 4.3 Procedure
  • 5. Results
    • 5.1 General characteristics of utterances and finite verbs
    • 5.2 Inflected forms for evidentiality
    • 5.3 Determining the predictors of incorrect uses of evidentiality through machine learning
  • 6. Discussion
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
• Chapter 7. Investigating the effects of L1 proficiency and CLI: RT data from speakers of heritage L1 Turkish with dominant German L2
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Goals of the study
  • 3. Experimental design
    • 3.1 Participants
    • 3.2 Materials
    • 3.3 Procedure
    • 3.4 Data analysis
    • 3.5 Results
  • 4. Conclusion and discussion
  • Funding
  • References
• Chapter 8. Subordination in children acquiring Turkish as a heritage language in Sweden
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Method
    • 2.1 Participants
    • 2.2 Materials, procedure and corpus
  • 3. Overall frequencies of clausal subordination
  • 4. Relativization
  • 5. Complementation
    • 5.1 Complement clauses implying subject co-reference
    • 5.2 Complement clauses featuring subject difference
    • 5.3 Complement clauses containing the particle diye
    • 5.4 Complement-like finite structures
  • 6. Adverbialization
    • 6.1 Temporal clauses
    • 6.2 Causal and purposive clauses
  • 7. Summary, discussion and conclusions
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • Appendix. Recapitulation of causal and purposive clauses
• Part III. Corpus studies
• Chapter 9. Perceived global accent in Turkish heritage speakers in Germany: The impact of exposure and use for early bilinguals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Foreign accent in bilinguals
  • 3. Participants and proficiency profiles
    • 3.1 Participants
    • 3.2 Self-rated proficiency
    • 3.3 Turkish Use Score
  • 4. Foreign accent study
    • 4.1 Speakers
    • 4.2 Raters
    • 4.3 Preparation of material
    • 4.4 Procedure
    • 4.5 Results
  • 5. Discussion
    • 5.1 Age of onset and accentedness
    • 5.2 Accentedness in the majority language (The “Kiezdeutsch Hypothesis”)
    • 5.3 Future directions
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 10. Turkish in Germany: An adult-state twice-told-tale approach to not-entirely-balanced childhood bilingualism
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Theoretical perspectives: Heritage bilingualism and heritage Turkish
    • 2.1 Sociolinguistic vitality
    • 2.2 The discourse structure of language-biographical narratives
    • 2.3 Morphosyntactic issues
  • 3. Sociolinguistic context of a disinherited bilingual biography
  • 4. The passport: Detailing, condensation and evaluation in discourse
    • 4.1 Interjections and exclamations
    • 4.2 A chunk of background details about an emotion
    • 4.3 Chunks of evaluation inserted into the plot
    • 4.4 A chunk of detail to ensure understanding
    • 4.5 Plot-advancing, detailing parataxis
    • 4.6 Detailing by means of discourse-level finite hypotaxis
  • 5. Vulnerable morphosyntax: Modification and complementation
    • 5.1 Noun modification: Details squeezed into an NP
    • 5.2 Complement constructions: -ma versus -DIK, and case
  • 6. Conclusion and outlook
  • HIAT conventions
  • References
• Chapter 11. Contemporary urban Turkey-Turkish in the German-Turkish classroom
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Literature review
    • 2.1 Turkish in Europe through interactional discourse lenses
    • 2.2 Contemporary urban Turkey-Turkish in interactional discourse
  • 3. Methodology
    • 3.1 Participants
    • 3.2 Scalar analysis of interaction
    • 3.3 Analysis and findings
  • 4. Discussion
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Transcription conventions
  • References
• Index