The book presents new materials and methods for waste water treatments.

• front-matter
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface
• 1
  • Introduction to Conventional Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Limitations and Recent Advances
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The water treatment process for the municipal and industrial sector
    • 2.1 Primary treatment process
    • 2.1.1 Screen
    • 2.1.2 Grit chambers
    • 2.1.3 Skimming tanks
    • 2.1.4 Primary Settling Tanks (PST)
    • 2.2 Secondary treatment
    • 2.2.1 Aerobic attached growth system
    • 2.2.1.1 Trickling filters
    • 2.2.1.2 Rotating biological contactors (RBC)
    • 2.2.2 Aerobic suspended growth systems
    • 2.2.2.1 Activated sludge process
    • 2.2.2.2 Aerated lagoons
    • 2.2.2.3 Oxidation pond
    • 2.3 Tertiary treatment
    • 2.3.1 Disinfection process
    • 2.3.2 Reverse osmosis
    • 2.3.3 Electrodialysis
    • 2.3.4 Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR)
  • 3. Advance water purification technologies
    • 3.1 Activated carbon filters
    • 3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
    • 3.3 Ozonation
    • 3.4 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
    • 3.5 Lime-Soda (LS) process
    • 3.6 Zeolite process
  • 4. Future wastewater treatment technologies
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 2
  • Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Remediation: Fundamental Concepts to Recent Advances
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Mechanism and classification
    • 2.1 General mechanism
    • 2.2 Classification
  • 3. Various advanced oxidation processes
    • 3.1 Ozonation (O3)
    • 3.2. O3/H2O2 (Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide or Peroxone)
    • 3.3. UV
    • 3.4 O3/UV
    • 3.5. UV/H2O2
    • 3.6 UV/O3/H2O2
    • 3.7 Fenton’s process
    • 3.8 Photo-Fenton process
    • 3.9 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
    • 3.10 Ultrasound AOP (Sonolysis)
    • 3.11 Microwave AOPs
    • 3.12 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO)
    • 3.13 Gamma-ray, X-ray and Electron Beam Based Processes
    • 3.14 Wet Air Oxidation
    • 3.15 Electrochemical Oxidation
    • 3.15.1 Anodic oxidation (AO)
    • 3.15.2 Electro-Fenton’s Method
    • 3.16 Sulfate Radical based AOPs
  • 4. Comparison of AOPs
  • 5. Commercialization/practical application of AOPs
  • 6. Recent developments
  • 7. Summary and future challenges
  • References
• 3
  • Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants under UV Light using TiO2 Nanomaterial Synthesized through Reverse Micelle Nanodomains
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Mechanism of TiO2 photocatalyst against organic pollutants under UV light source
  • 3. Factors affecting the photocatalyst performance
    • 3.1 Influence of initial concentration of pollutant
    • 3.2 Influence of catalyst loading
    • 3.3 Influence of pH
    • 3.4 Influence of light intensity
  • 4. Experiment
    • 4.1 Chemicals & materials
    • 4.2 Synthesis of TiO2 photocatalyst
    • 4.3 Characterization of photocatalyst
    • 4.4 Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants
  • 5. Result and discussions
    • 5.1 TiO2 photocatalyst characteristics
    • 5.1.1 TGA of Ti(OH)4
    • 5.1.2 X-ray diffraction
    • 5.1.3 Scanning electron microscopy
    • 5.1.4 Particle size using dynamic light scattering
    • 5.1.5 Surface area study
    • 5.1.6 UV-visible spectroscopy
    • 5.2 Influence of factors on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 against LFX
    • 5.2.1 Effect of catalyst dose
    • 5.2.2 Effect of initial concentration of LFX
    • 5.3 Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and Degussa P25 nanomaterials against LFX, KRL and MNZ
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 4
  • Treatment and Analysis of Arsenic Contaminated Water
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Sources of arsenic
    • 2.1 Natural processes
    • 2.2 Anthropogenic sources
  • 3. Treatment methodologies of arsenic contaminated water
    • 3.1 Preoxidation of As(III) in water
    • 3.2 Sorption
    • 3.2.1 Elemental iron
    • 3.2.2 (oxy)(hydr)oxides of iron, aluminium and manganese
    • 3.2.3 Titanium dioxides(TiO2)
    • 3.2.4 Activated and impregnated activated carbon
    • 3.2.5 Biomass
    • 3.2.6 Ion-exchange resins and metal-loaded gels
    • 3.3 Precipitation/coprecipitation
    • 3.3.1 Lime (CaO)
    • 3.3.2 Iron and aluminium salts
    • 3.4 Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs)
    • 3.5 Filtration and membrane techniques
    • 3.6 Magnetic treatment
    • 3.7 Bioremediation and biological treatment
  • 4. Analysis of arsenic contaminated water
    • 4.1 Techniques analysis of waterborne arsenic
    • 4.1.1 Colorimetric methods
    • 4.1.2 Other spectroscopic methods
    • 4.1.3 Luminescence-based methods
    • 4.1.4 Hydride generation -atomic absorption spectroscopy (HG-AAS)
    • 4.1.5 Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS)
    • 4.1.6 Electrochemical methods
    • 4.1.7 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
    • 4.1.8 Inductively coupled plasma- optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
    • 4.1.9 Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
    • 4.1.10 Biosensors
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 5
  • The Applicability of Eggshell Waste as a Sustainable Biosorbent Medium in Wastewater Treatment – A Review
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Characterization of eggshell waste
  • 2. Modifications
  • 3. Isotherm modelling
  • 4. Kinetic modelling
  • 5. Mechanism of biosorption
  • 6. Factors Affecting biosorption
    • 6.1 pH
    • 6.2 Concentration
    • 6.3 Contact time
    • 6.4 Adsorbent mass
  • 7. Eggshell waste for heavy metal removal
  • 8. Eggshell waste for dye removal
  • Concluding remarks
  • Abbreviations
  • References
• 6
  • Removal of PAHs from Wastewater Using Powdered Activated Carbon: A Case Study
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Materials and methods
    • 2.1 Chemicals and culture medium
    • 2.2 Strains and culture
    • 2.3 Bacterial strain degradation and PAC adsorption
    • 2.4 PAC-SA immobilization
    • 2.5 Mechanical strength
  • 3. Results and discussion
    • 3.1 Bacteria degrade pyrene and PAC adsorption
    • 3.2 Embedding and immobilization
    • 3.2.1 Ratio of Gel agent, crosslinking agent and PAC
    • 3.2.2 Immobilized condition
    • 3.3 Physical properties of immobilized beads.
  • Conclusion
  • Reference
• 7
  • New Class of Flocculants and Coagulants
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Polymer iron coagulant
    • 2.1 Traditional polymeric iron coagulant
    • 2.1.1 Polyferric sulfate (PFS)
    • 2.1.2 Polyferric chloride (PFC)
    • 2.2 Composite polymeric iron coagulant
    • 2.2.1 Ferric polysilicate sulfate (PFSS)
    • 2.2.2 Polysilicate ferric chloride (PFSC)
    • 2.2.3 Polyaluminum ferric silicate (PSFA)
    • 2.2.4 Polyphosphate ferric sulfate (PPFS)
  • 3. Polyaluminum coagulant
  • 4. Literature references
  • 5. Organic/inorganic composite coagulant
  • 6. Natural modified coagulant
    • 6.1 Chitosan and its derivatives
    • 6.2 Starch derivatives
    • 6.3 Cellulose derivatives
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Keyword Index
• About the Editors