This book on Photocatalysis discusses new materials and reaction engineering techniques, such as heterojunction formations, composites, ion exchangers, photocatalytic membranes, etc.

• front-matter
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface
• 1
  • Photocatalytic Membranes in Degradation of Organic Molecules
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction
  • 3. Photocatalytic membranes
    • 3.1 Polymeric photocatalytic membranes
    • 3.1.1 Development of polyethersulfone and polysulfone membranes
    • 3.1.2 Fluoropolymeric membranes: PVDF and PTFE
    • 3.1.3 Development of photocatalytic polyaniline (PANI) membranes
    • 3.1.4 Development of photocatalytic polyamide membranes
    • 3.1.5 Development of cellulose-based photocatalytic membranes
  • 4. Inorganic membranes
    • 4.1 TiO2-based membranes
  • Abbreviations
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 2
  • Photocatalytic Heavy Metal Detoxification from Water Systems
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Sources of heavy metal pollution
    • 1.2 Bio-importance of heavy metals
    • 1.3 Deleterious Environmental and health effects
  • 2. Various heavy metal removal technologies
    • 2.1 Advanced oxidation process
    • 2.2 Photocatalysis
    • 2.3 Principle & mechanism behind photocatalysis
  • 3. Photocatalysis for the heavy metal recovery
    • 3.1 Chromium (Cr)
    • 3.2 Arsenic (As)
    • 3.3 Cadmium (Cd)
    • 3.4 Copper (Cu2+)
    • 3.5 Lead (Pb2+)
    • 3.6 Mercury
  • Conclusion & Future perspectives
  • References
• 3
  • Carbon Nanotubes based Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts in Water Treatment
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Properties of carbon nanotubes
  • 3. Synthesis Methods of CNTs-based Nanocomposites
    • 3.1 Simple mixing
    • 3.2 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
    • 3.3 Electrodeposition
    • 3.4 Hydrothermal
    • 3.5 Sol-gel
  • 4. Fundamental principles of photocatalysis
  • 5. Applications of CNTs-based nanocomposites in water treatment
  • Conclusion and future directions
  • References
• 4
  • Photocatalytic and Adsorptional Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water using Nanohybrids
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Fundamental principle of photocatalysis
  • 3. Nanohybrids for photocatalytic removal of heavy metals
    • 3.1 Single system
    • 3.2 Dual system
    • 3.3 Ternary system
  • 4. Nanohybrids for adsorptional removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals
  • Conclusions and future prospects
  • References
• 5
  • Graphitic Carbon Nitride based Photocatalytic Systems for High Performance Hydrogen Production: A Review
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Metal free photocatalyst: Graphitic carbon nitride
    • 2.1 Chemical structure of g-C3N4
    • 2.2 Electronic properties of g-C3N4
    • 2.3 Strategies for improving the properties of g-C3N4
    • 2.3.1 Structural modification
    • 2.3.2 Doping
    • 2.3.3 Heterojunction formation
  • 3. C3N4 based heterojunctions for H2 production
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 6
  • Recent advances in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Advances in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation
    • 2.1 TiO2 and different oxides based photocatalysts
    • 2.2 Oxyhalides based photocatalysts
    • 2.3 Graphitic nitride carbon based photocatalysts
  • Conclusion and future perspective
  • References
• 7
  • Perovskites based Nano Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic Pollutant Removal
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Perovksites
    • 2.1 Structure
    • 2.2 Types of perovskites
    • 2.3 Distinctive properties of perovskites
    • 2.3.1 Optical properties
    • 2.3.2 Piezoelectricity
    • 2.3.3 Superconductivity
    • 2.3.4 Multiferroicity
    • 2.4 Synthesis
    • 2.4.1 Sol-gel method
    • 2.4.2 Solid state reactions
    • 2.4.3 Hydrothermal method
    • 2.4.4 Co-precipitation method
  • 3. Perovskites as a photocatalyst
    • 3.1 Titanate based perovskite
    • 3.2 Ferrite perovskites
    • 3.3 Vanadium and Niobium based perovskites
    • 3.4 Oxynitride based perovskites
    • 3.5 Other perovskite systems
  • 4. Perovskite based nano-heterojunctions
    • 4.1 Synthesis of perovskites based heterojunctions
    • 4.1.1 Synthesis of Ag2S/BiFeO3
    • 4.1.2 Synthesis of LaFeO3/ g-C3N4
    • 4.1.3 Synthesis of Ag/Fe3O4 bridged SrTiO3/g-C3N4
    • 4.1.4 Synthesis of PbTiO3/CQDs
    • 4.1.5 Synthesis of CoFe2O4/BaTiO3
    • 4.1.6 Synthesis of Ag@BiPO4/BiOBr/BiFeO3
    • 4.1.6 Synthesis of AgBr/AgTaO3
    • 4.2 Photocatalytic organic pollutant removal
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 8
  • Photocatalytic Membranes
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Photocatalytic membrane reactor
    • 2.1 Conversion of organic compounds
    • 2.2 Corruption of organic compounds
    • 2.3 Obstinate pollutants degradation
    • 2.4 Photocatalytic nanomaterials: Preparation and properties
    • 2.5 Photocatalytic process
    • 2.6 Photocatalytic processes by membrane operations
  • 3. Working parameters and limits of photocatalytic membranes
    • 3.1 Working mode
    • 3.2 Light source
    • 3.3 Feed characteristics
    • 3.4 Stream rate over and across the membrane
    • 3.5 Photocatalyst type
    • 3.5.1 TiO2 photocatalyst
    • 3.5.2 ZnO photocatalyst
    • 3.5.3 WO3 photocatalyst
    • 3.6 Typology of photocatalyst immobilization
  • 4. Future tendencies
  • References
• 9
  • Composite Ion Exchangers as New Age Photocatalyst
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Heavy metals
    • 1.2 Dyes
    • 1.3 Phenols
    • 1.4 Pesticides
  • 2. Ion exchanger
    • 2.1 Classification of ion exchangers
    • 2.2 Composite ion exchangers
    • 2.3 Preparative methods for nanocomposites
    • 2.3.1 Solution and melt processing
    • 2.3.2 In-situ polymerization
    • 2.3.3 Sol-gel method
  • 3. Methods for the removal of pollutants
    • 3.1 Photocatalysis
    • 3.2 Oxidation and reduction mechanism
  • 4. Other applications of nanocomposite ion exchangers
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 10
  • Structural Modifications of Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Applications
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 g-C3N4 as tremendous metal-free photocatalysts
    • 1.2 Chemical structure of g-C3N4
    • 1.3 Band structure of g-C3N4
  • 2. Synthesis approaches via thermal annealing/Pyrolysis
  • 3. Strategies followed for the modification of g-C3N4
    • 3.1 Doping
    • 3.2 Metal/non-metal based doping
    • 3.3 Fabrication of g-C3N4 based binary/ternary heterojunctions
    • 3.4 Coupling with metal-free substrates
    • 3.5 Chemical modification
    • 3.6 Dye Sensitization of g-C3N4
    • 3.7 Shape specific modification
    • 3.8 Polymerization of g-C3N4
    • 3.9 Persulphate activation of g-C3N4
  • 4. Further possible modification perspectives
  • Conclusion
  • References
• back-matter
  • Keyword Index
  • About the Editors