Due to their characteristic properties, biodegradable nature and non-toxicity, clay-biopolymer based composites have many applications in such advanced fields as drug release, antimicrobial activities, etc.

• front-matter
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface
• 1
  • Polysaccharide-Fibrous Clay Bionanocomposites and their Applications
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Cellulose
    • 1.2 Chitin
    • 1.3 Chitosan
  • 2. Modifications of fibrous clays for use as nanofillers
  • 3. Polysaccharides-based bio nanocomposites
  • 4. Preparation of polysaccharide-fibrous clays bio nano-composites
    • 4.1 Direct incorporation of polymers
    • 4.2 In-situ polymerization of monomers
    • 4.3 Polymer-templated clay synthesis
    • 4.3.1 Thin films and coatings
    • 4.3.2 Polyelectrolyte method
    • 4.3.3 Ionotropic gelation
    • 4.3.4 Solvent evaporation
    • 4.3.5 Freezing–thawing method
    • 4.3.6 Electro-spinning
    • 4.3.7 Three-dimensional bio-printing
    • 4.3.8 Preparation of nano-particles
  • 5. Properties of polysaccharide-fibrous clay bionanocomposites
    • 5.1 Mechanical properties
    • 5.2 Water absorption properties
    • 5.3 Intake of heavy metals
    • 5.4 Light barrier properties
    • 5.5 Gas permeation
  • 6. Characterisation of the polysaccharide–fibrous clay bionanocomposites
    • 6.1 Physiochemical characterization of polysaccharides and fibrous clay
    • 6.2 Spectroscopic analysis
  • 7. Applications
    • 7.1 Biomedical applications
    • 7.2 Biocatalytic applications
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 2
  • Halloysite-Chitosan based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Clay minerals
    • 1.1.1 Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)
    • 1.1.2 Structure of HNT
  • 2. Chitosan (CS)
    • 2.1 Properties of chitosan
  • 3. Chitosan derivatives
    • 3.1 Acylated chitosan
    • 3.2 Alkylated chitosan
    • 3.3 Hydrophilic group
    • 3.3.1 Carboxylated chitosan
    • 3.3.2 Quaternary ammonium chitosan
  • 4. Esterified chitosan
  • 5. Application of chitosan-HNTs (CS-HNT) composites
  • Conclusion
  • Reference
• 3
  • Montmorillonite-Chitosan based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Montmorillonite
    • 2.1 Structure
    • 2.2 Properties of MMT
  • 3. Chitosan
    • 3.1 Structure
    • 3.2 Characteristics of chitosan
    • 3.2.1 Degree of deacetylation
    • 3.2.3 Molecular weight
    • 3.2.4 Crystallinity
    • 3.2.5 Particle size and surface area
    • 3.3 Properties of chitosan
    • 3.3.1 Polycationic and solubility
    • 3.3.2 Biocompatibility
    • 3.3.3 Mucoadhesion
    • 3.3.4 Biodegradability
    • 3.3.5 Low toxicity
  • 4. Montmorillonite-chitosan based nano-composites
  • 5. Processing of MMT-chitosan-based nano-composites
    • 5.1 Intercalation of polymer or pre-polymer from solution
    • 5.2 In situ intercalative polymerization
    • 5.3 Melt intercalation
    • 5.4 Solution intercalation
    • 5.5 Template synthesis
    • 5.6 Solvent casting method
    • 5.7 Melt-extrusion method
    • 5.8 Layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) method
  • 6. Various forms of Montmorillonite-chitosan based nano-composites
    • 6.1 Film
    • 6.2 Hydrogel
    • 6.3 Scaffold
  • 7. Important applications of Montmorillonite-chitosan based nano-composites
    • 7.1 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in drug release
    • 7.2 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in antimicrobial activities
    • 7.3 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in wound-healing activities
    • 7.4 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in tissue engineering
    • 7.5 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in food packaging
    • 7.6 Application of MMT-chitosan based nano-composites in water treatment process
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 4
  • Kaolinite-Chitosan based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Kaolinite-chitosan composites
  • 3. Applications of kaolinite-chitosan nanocomposites
    • 3.1 Medical applications
    • 3.2 Pharmaceutical applications
    • 3.3 Wastewater and industrial effluent treatment
    • 3.4 Desalination applications
    • 3.5 Food and packaging applications
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 5
  • Chitosan-Halloysite Nano-Composite for Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Scaffolds
    • 2.1 Scaffold requirements
    • 2.1.1 Architecture
    • 2.1.2 Compatibility of cells and tissues
    • 2.1.3 Bioactivity
    • 2.1.4 Mechanical characteristics
    • 2.2 Types of scaffolds
    • 2.2.1 Metal based scaffolds
    • 2.2.2 Ceramic based scaffolds
    • 2.2.3 Polymer based scaffolds
    • 2.2.4 Composite based scaffolds
  • 3. Role of Nanotechnology in scaffolding
    • 3.1 Nanoscaffolds for skin regeneration
    • 3.2 Nanoscaffolds for liver regeneration
    • 3.3 Nanoscaffolds for bone regeneration
  • 4. Use of chitosan – halloysite nanocomposite scaffolds
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 6
  • Vermiculite Starch-based Nanocomposites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Starch based clay nanocomposites
  • 3. Properties of vermiculite
    • 3.1 Vermiculite-modified bio nanocomposites
    • 3.2 Basis and division of vermiculite
    • 3.3 Morphologic and material characteristics of vermiculite
  • 4. Varieties and ways of processing of clay nanocomposites
    • 4.1 Preparation techniques for polymer clay nanocomposites
    • 4.2 Solution-blending method
    • 4.3 Melt-blending method
    • 4.4 In-situ polymerization method
  • 5. Processing of vermiculite based composites
  • 6. Vermiculite-modified polymer nanocomposites
  • 7. Mechanistic and thermic properties of nanocomposites
  • 8. Characterization of nanocomposites
    • 9.1 Deletion of pollutants from water/waste water from by starch-vermiculite based nanocomposites
    • 9.2 Packaging applications of starch-vermiculite based nanocomposites
    • 9.3 Flame-retardant applications of starch-vermiculite based nanocomposites
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 7
  • Halloysite-Starch based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Biomedical applications
    • 2.1 Drug/molecular carrier
    • 2.2 Tissue engineering
    • 2.3 Wound dressing
  • 3. Food packaging applications
    • 3.1 As an antimicrobial and antioxidant
    • 3.2 As water vapor barrier
  • 4. Water treatment applications
  • 5. Applications as a catalysts
  • 6. Flame retardant applications
  • References
• 8
  • Montmorillonite-Starch based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Structural features of starch and montmorillonite
    • 2.1 Structural features of starch
    • 2.2 Structural features of montmorillonite
  • 3. Nanocomposite
    • 3.1 Starch-clay nanocomposites
    • 3.2 Montmorillonite-starch nanocomposites
  • 4. Methods of polymer-clay nanocomposite synthesis
    • 4.1 In-situ polymerization process
    • 4.2 Polymer solution intercalation
    • 4.3 Intercalation of melt
  • 5. Nanocomposites characterization techniques
    • 5.1 X-ray diffraction studies
    • 5.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  • 6. Applications
    • 6.1 Rheological control agent
    • 6.2 Food packaging
    • 6.3 Biomedical applications of nanocomposites
    • 6.4 Water purification applications
  • Conclusions and prospects
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 9
  • Kaolinite-Starch based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Synthesis of kaolinite-starch nano-composites
  • 3. Characterization and properties of kaolinite-starch NC
    • 3.1 X-ray diffraction studies
    • 3.2 Thermal property of kaolinite-starch film
    • 3.3 FT-IR spectral analysis of starch-kaolinite NC
    • 3.4 SEM studies of clay-starch nanocomposite
    • 3.5 Water uptake
  • 4. Applications of kaolinite-starch based nano-composites
    • 4.1 Water remediation using starch-kaolinite nanocomposite
    • 4.2 Films
    • 4.3 Paper making
    • 4.4 Food packaging
    • 4.5 Paper packaging
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 10
  • Cellulose based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Chemistry of cellulose
  • 3. Synthesis and extraction of cellulose
  • 4. Cellulose based nanomaterials and nanocomposites
    • 4.1 Cellulose nanofibers
    • 4.2 Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 4.3 Nanocomposite materials
  • 5. Applications
    • 5.1. Biofuel
    • 5.2 Biomedical and pharmaceutical applications
    • 5.3. Food technology
    • 5.4 Sensors
  • References
• 11
  • HNT-Cellulose based Nano-Composite and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Bio-nanocomposites
    • 2.1 Structural enhancement
    • 2.2 Environmental benefits
  • 3. Halloysite nanotubes
  • 4. Halloysite biocompatibility
  • 5. HNT-cellulose based nanocomposites
    • 5.1 Carboxymethyl cellulose-based HNT nanocomposite
    • 5.2 Carrageenan based HNT nanocomposites
    • 5.3 Chitosan based HNT polymer
    • 5.4 Functionalized HNT with sodium alginate
    • 5.5 β-galactosidase-halloysite
    • 5.6 PET-halloysite nanotubes
  • 6. Applications
    • 6.1 Food: packing and edible coating
    • 6.2 Coating
    • 6.3 Drug delivery
    • 6.4 Tissue engineering
    • 6.5 Indicator
    • 6.6 Automotive application
  • Conclusion and future perceptive
  • References
• 12
  • Kaolinite–Cellulose based Nano–Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Inorganic–organic nano–composites
    • 2.1 Nano-structured kaolinite
    • 2.2 Nano-structured cellulose
    • 2.2.1 The role of cellulose-water interaction for its adsorption properties
    • 2.2.2 Manufacturing of nano–cellulose
    • 2.2.2.1 Mechanical treatment
    • 2.2.2.2 Chemical treatment
    • 2.2.2.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis
    • 2.2.3 Challenges to the preparation and application of nano-cellulose
    • 2.3 Kaolinite–cellulose nano-composite
    • 2.3.1 Preparation
    • 2.3.2 Characterization
    • 2.4 Applications of the kaolinite-cellulose nano composite
    • 2.4.1 Wastewater treatment
    • 2.4.2 Drug delivery
    • 2.4.3 Packaging
    • 2.4.4 Flame retardant
    • 2.4.5 Printed electronics
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 13
  • Montmorillonite-Cellulose based Nano-Composites and Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Characterization
  • 3. Factors affecting properties of MMT-cellulose based nano-composites
  • 4. Methods of preparation of montmorillonite-cellulose based nano-composites
    • 4.1 In-situ method
    • 4.2 Ex-situ method or immersion method
  • 5. Application
    • 5.1 As adsorbents of pollutants
    • 5.2 Biomedical application
    • 5.3 As superior bio-based plastic material with gas permeability and flame retardant behavior:
  • Conclusion
  • References
• back-matter
  • Keyword Index
  • About the Editors