"Evidence-based neurosurgery is one of the most important pillars upon which to build decision management pathways. Effective delivery of care involves understanding the natural history of the disease and the evidence behind available treatment options. Neurosurgical Diseases: An Evidence-Based Approach to Guide Practice by esteemed neurosurgeons Leon T. Lai, Cristian Gragnaniello, and expert contributors covers cranial pathologies neurosurgeons commonly encounter in everyday practice"--.

• Neurosurgical Diseases: An Evidence-Based Approach to Guide Practice
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contributors
• 1 Natural History and Management Options of Recurrent Glioblastoma
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Recurrent Glioblastoma
  • 1.3 The Natural History of Recurrent Glioblastoma
  • 1.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Recurrent Glioblastoma
  • 1.5 Treatment Options for Recurrent Glioblastoma
    • 1.5.1 Repeat Surgery
    • 1.5.2 Further Radiotherapy
    • 1.5.3 Further Chemotherapy
  • 1.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 2 Natural History and Management Options of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Unruptured bAVM
    • 2.2.1 Comparing Future Risk of ICH for Unruptured bAVM
    • 2.2.2 Factors that Impact on the Risk of First ICH
    • 2.2.3 The Expected Outcome fromb AVM ICH
    • 2.2.4 Understanding the Cause for ICH Associated with bAVM
  • 2.3 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Unruptured Brain AVM
  • 2.4 Treatment Options for Unruptured Brain AVM
    • 2.4.1 Embolization
    • 2.4.2 Radiosurgery
    • 2.4.3 Surgery with or without Planned Preoperative Embolization
    • 2.4.4 Results of Surgery
    • 2.4.5 Combined Treatment
    • 2.4.6 Conclusion Regarding Treatment
• 3 Natural History and Surgical Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Spontaneous ICHs
  • 3.3 Natural History of Spontaneous ICHs
  • 3.4 Natural History of Spontaneous Supratentorial ICH
  • 3.5 Natural History of Spontaneous Infratentorial ICH
  • 3.6 Selected Papers on Surgical Management of Spontaneous ICHs
  • 3.7 Surgical Management Options for Spontaneous ICHs
  • 3.8 Surgical Management of Spontaneous Supratentorial ICH
  • 3.9 Surgical Management of Spontaneous Infratentorial ICH
  • 3.10 Surgical Management for Spontaneous ICH Associated with Intraventricular Hemorrhage
  • 3.11 Medical Management of Spontaneous ICH
  • 3.12 Authors’ Recommendations
    • 3.12.1 Medical Management of Spontaneous ICH
    • 3.12.2 Management of Supratentorial Hemorrhage
    • 3.12.3 Management of Infratentorial Hemorrhage
    • 3.12.4 Management of Intraventricular Hemorrhage
• 4 Natural History and Management Options of Pineal Cyst
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Pineal Cyst
  • 4.3 Natural History
  • 4.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Pineal Cyst
  • 4.5 Treatment Options for Pineal Cysts
  • 4.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 5 Natural History and Management Options of Colloid Cysts
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Colloid Cysts
  • 5.3 Natural History of Colloid Cysts
  • 5.4 Predicting the Risk of Sudden Death
  • 5.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Colloid Cysts
  • 5.6 Treatment Options
  • 5.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• 6 Natural History and Management Options of Vestibular Schwannomas
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Selected Papers on Natural History
  • 6.3 Natural History
    • 6.3.1 Rate of Growth
    • 6.3.2 Risk Factors for Growth
    • 6.3.3 Growth in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Vestibular Schwannomas
  • 6.4 Selected Papers on Treatment
  • 6.5 Treatment
    • 6.5.1 Microsurgery
    • 6.5.2 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
    • 6.5.3 Microsurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery
    • 6.5.4 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
  • 6.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 7 Natural History and Management Options of Acromegaly
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Pathology
  • 7.3 Clinical Signs and Presentation
  • 7.4 Imaging
  • 7.5 Diagnosis and Follow-up
  • 7.6 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Acromegaly
  • 7.7 Natural History of Acromegaly
  • 7.8 Selected Papers on the Management Options for Acromegaly
  • 7.9 Management Options
    • 7.9.1 Surgery
    • 7.9.2 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
    • 7.9.3 Medical Therapy
  • 7.10 Authors’ Recommendations
• 8 Natural History and Management Options for Cushing’s Disease
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cushing’s Disease
  • 8.3 The Natural History of Cushing’s Disease
  • 8.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Cushing’s Disease
  • 8.5 Treatment of Cushing’s Disease
    • 8.5.1 Surgical Resection
    • 8.5.2 Radiation Therapy
    • 8.5.3 Medical Treatment
    • 8.5.4 Recurrent Cushing’s Disease
  • 8.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 9 Natural History and Management Options of Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.3 Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.4 Predicting Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.5 Assessment of the Primary Brain Injury
  • 9.6 Assessment of Secondary Brain Injury
  • 9.7 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes
  • 9.8 Treatment Options
  • 9.9 Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.10 Surgical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 9.11 Decompressive Craniectomy Following Severe Traumatic—not Hemicraniectomy Brain Injury
  • 9.12 Authors’ Recommendations
• 10 Natural History and Management Options of Angionegative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Angionegative SAH
  • 10.3 Natural History
  • 10.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of Angionegative SAH
  • 10.5 Treatment Options
  • 10.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 11 Natural History and Management Options of Low-Grade Glioma
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of LGG
  • 11.3 Natural History of Low-Grade Glioma
  • 11.4 Rate of Progression to High-Grade Glioma
  • 11.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of LGGs
  • 11.6 Treatment Options
    • 11.6.1 Surveillance Alone
    • 11.6.2 Radical Surgical Resection
    • 11.6.3 Radiotherapy
    • 11.6.4 Chemotherapy
  • 11.7 Prognostication
  • 11.8 Authors’ Recommendations
• 12 Natural History and Management Options of Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenoma
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of NFPAs
  • 12.3 Natural History of NFPAs
  • 12.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of NFPAs
  • 12.5 Management Options
    • 12.5.1 Endocrine Evaluation
    • 12.5.2 Ophthalmologic Evaluation
    • 12.5.3 Surgery
    • 12.5.4 Radiation Therapy
    • 12.5.5 Medical Therapy
  • 12.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 13 Natural History and Management Options of Craniopharyngioma
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Craniopharyngioma
  • 13.3 Natural History of Craniopharyngioma
  • 13.4 Selected Papers on the Management of Craniopharyngioma
  • 13.5 Treatment Options
    • 13.5.1 Surgery
  • 13.6 Our Experience
  • 13.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• 14 Natural History and Management Options of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Selected Papers on Natural History
  • 14.3 Natural History of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
    • 14.3.1 Factors Predicting Blindness or Poor Visual Outcome
  • 14.4 Selected Papers on Management Options for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
  • 14.5 Management Options for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
    • 14.5.1 Weight Loss Including Bariatric Surgery
    • 14.5.2 Pharmaceutical Treatments
    • 14.5.3 Surgical Treatments
  • 14.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 15 Natural History and Management Options of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
  • 15.3 Natural History
    • 15.3.1 Inflammation
    • 15.3.2 Angiogenesis
    • 15.3.3 Hyperfibrinolysis
  • 15.4 Selected Papers on the Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
  • 15.5 Treatment Options
    • 15.5.1 Surgical
    • 15.5.2 Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma
    • 15.5.3 Nonsurgical
  • 15.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 16 Natural History and Management Options of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Selected Papers on Natural History of UIAs
  • 16.3 Natural History of UIAs
  • 16.4 Lifelong Rupture Risk of Intracranial Aneurysms Depends on Risk Factors
  • 16.4.1 Aneurysm-Related Risk Factors
  • 16.5 Serial Imaging Surveillance
  • 16.6 Selected Papers on Management Options for UIAs
  • 16.7 Management Options for UIAs
  • 16.8 Endovascular and Surgical Repair: Outcomes and Obliteration Rates
  • 16.9 Authors’ Recommendations
• 17 Natural History and Management Options of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
  • 17.3 Natural History of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
    • 17.3.1 Vasospasm
    • 17.3.2 Chronic Hydrocephalus
    • 17.3.3 Seizure
  • 17.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
  • 17.5 Management Options for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
    • 17.5.1 Intracranial PressureManagement
    • 17.5.2 Seizure Prophylaxis
    • 17.5.3 Timing of Treatment
    • 17.5.4 Overview of Treatment Modalities
    • 17.5.5 Comparing Treatment Modalities
    • 17.5.6 Procedural and Periprocedural Complications
    • 17.5.7 Rerupture after Treatment
  • 17.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 18 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cavernous Malformations
  • 18.3 Natural History of Cavernous Malformation
    • 18.3.1 Risk of Hemorrhage
    • 18.3.2 Risk of Rebleeding
    • 18.3.3 Risk of Seizures
    • 18.3.4 Associated Vascular Abnormalities
  • 18.4 Limitations of Studies on the Natural History of Cavernomas
  • 18.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes for Cavernous Malformations
  • 18.6 Treatment Options for Cavernous Malformations
    • 18.6.1 Recommendations for Treatment
  • 18.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• 19 Natural History and Management Options of Skull Base Chordoma
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Skull Base Chordoma
  • 19.3 Natural History of Skull Base Chordoma
  • 19.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Skull Base Chordoma
  • 19.5 Treatment Options and Surgical Outcome
  • 19.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 20 Natural History and Management Options of Chiari 1 Malformation
  • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.1.1 CM-1-Associated Syringomyelia
    • 20.1.2 Pathophysiology of Chiari Malformation Type 1
  • 20.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Chiari Malformation Type 1
  • 20.3 Natural History of Chiari Malformation Type 1
    • 20.3.1 Asymptomatic Chiari Malformation Type 1
    • 20.3.2 Symptomatic Chiari Malformation Type 1
  • 20.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of Chiari Malformation Type 1
    • 20.4.1 Adults
    • 20.4.2 Pediatrics
  • 20.5 Management Options for Chiari Malformation Type 1
  • 20.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 21 Natural History and Management Options of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
  • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.1.1 Pathophysiology
    • 21.1.2 Classification
    • 21.1.3 Clinical Presentation and Imaging Evaluation
  • 21.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
  • 21.3 Natural History of DAVFs
    • 21.3.1 Natural History of Low-Grade DAVFs
    • 21.3.2 Natural History of High-Grade DAVFs
  • 21.4 Selected Papers on Treatment Outcomes of DAVFs
  • 21.5 Treatment Strategy
  • 21.6 Therapeutic Options
    • 21.6.1 Endovascular Treatment
    • 21.6.2 Endovascular Outcomes
    • 21.6.3 Microsurgical Treatment
    • 21.6.4 Microsurgical Outcomes
    • 21.6.5 Radiosurgical Treatment
    • 21.6.6 Radiosurgical Outcomes
  • 21.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• 22 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Metastases
  • 22.1 Introduction
  • 22.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cerebral Metastases
  • 22.3 Natural History of Cerebral Metastases
  • 22.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Cerebral Metastases
  • 22.5 Treatment Options for Cerebral Metastases
    • 22.5.1 Supportive
    • 22.5.2 Surgery
    • 22.5.3 Whole Brain Radiotherapy
    • 22.5.4 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
    • 22.5.5 Chemotherapy and Novel Agents
    • 22.5.6 Treatment Outcomes by Primary Malignancy
  • 22.6 Authors’ Recommendations
• 23 Natural History and Management Options of Convexity Meningioma
  • 23.1 Introduction
  • 23.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Convexity Meningioma
  • 23.3 Natural History of Incidental Convexity Meningioma
    • 23.3.1 Size
    • 23.3.2 Growth Rate and Tumor Doubling Time
  • 23.4 Risk Factors That Predict Tumor Growth
  • 23.5 Recurrence
  • 23.6 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Convexity Meningioma
  • 23.7 Treatment Options for Convexity Meningioma
  • 23.8 Observation
  • 23.9 Surgery
  • 23.10 Radiotherapy
  • 23.11 Authors’ Recommendations
• 24 Natural History and Management Options of Ruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
  • 24.1 Introduction
  • 24.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Ruptured bAVMs
  • 24.3 Natural History of Ruptured bAVM
  • 24.4 Risk of Recurrent Hemorrhage
  • 24.5 Other Factors
  • 24.6 Associated Aneurysms
  • 24.7 Infratentorial Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
  • 24.8 Deep Venous Drainage
  • 24.9 Selected Papers on the Treatment of Ruptured bAVMs
  • 24.10 Treatment Options for Ruptured bAVM
  • 24.11 Surgery
    • 24.11.1 Timing of Intervention
  • 24.12 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
    • 24.12.1 Timing of Radiosurgery
  • 24.13 Embolization
    • 24.13.1 Role of Embolization
    • 24.13.2 Timing of Embolization
    • 24.13.3 Outcomes of Embolization
  • 24.14 Authors’ Recommendations
• 25 Natural History and Management Options of Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • 25.1 Introduction
  • 25.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • 25.3 Natural History of Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • 25.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • 25.5 Treatment Options of Trigeminal Neuralgia
    • 25.5.1 Medical Therapy
    • 25.5.2 Microvascular Decompression
    • 25.5.3 Percutaneous Ablative Procedures
    • 25.5.4 Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation
    • 25.5.5 Glycerol/Alcohol Injection
    • 25.5.6 Balloon Compression
    • 25.5.7 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
  • 25.6 Trigeminal Neuralgia in Multiple Sclerosis
  • 25.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• 26 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Lymphoma
  • 26.1 Introduction
  • 26.2 Diagnosis and Evaluation
  • 26.2.1 Imaging
  • 26.3 Selected Papers on Natural History of PCNSL
  • 26.4 Natural History of PCNSL
  • 26.5 AIDS-Associated PCNSL
  • 26.6 Selected Papers on Treatment Outcomes of PCNSL
  • 26.7 Treatment Outcomes of PCNSL
    • 26.7.1 The Role of Steroids Prior to Biopsy
    • 26.7.2 Induction Therapy
    • 26.7.3 Consolidation Therapy
    • 26.7.4 Surgery
  • 26.8 Authors’ Recommendations
• 27 Natural History and Management Options of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
  • 27.1 Introduction
  • 27.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
  • 27.3 Natural History
  • 27.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
  • 27.5 Treatment Options
  • 27.6 Treatment Outcomes
  • 27.7 Authors’ Recommendations
• Index