Our book provides an introduction that covers nanodispersions. Most often used in the Pharmaceutical, Food and Cosmetics industry, liposomes are used to carry drugs, peptides, proteins, vitamins, and other actives to specific target destinations (organs).

• Preface
• Contents
• 1 Nanodispersions – general introduction
  • 1.1 Definition of colloids
  • 1.2 Definition of nanodispersions
  • 1.3 Main advantages of nanodispersions
  • 1.4 General methods for preparation of nanodispersions
  • 1.5 General stabilization mechanisms for nanodispersions
  • 1.6 Ostwald ripening in nanodispersions
  • 1.7 Industrial applications of nanodispersions
  • 1.8 Outline of the book
• 2 Colloid stability of nanodispersions
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Electrostatic stabilization
  • 2.3 Steric stabilization
• 3 Ostwald ripening in nanodispersions
  • 3.1 Driving force for Ostwald ripening
  • 3.2 Kinetics of Ostwald ripening
  • 3.3 Reduction of Ostwald ripening
    • 3.3.1 Reduction of Ostwald ripening in nanosuspensions
    • 3.3.2 Reduction of Ostwald ripening in nanoemulsions
  • 3.4 Influence of initial droplet size of nanoemulsions on the Ostwald ripening rate
• 4 Preparation of nanosuspensions by the bottom-up process
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Preparation of nanosuspensions by precipitation
    • 4.2.1 Nucleation and growth
    • 4.2.2 Precipitation kinetics
    • 4.2.3 Seeded nucleation and growth
    • 4.2.4 Surface modification
    • 4.2.5 Other methods for preparation of nanosuspensions by the bottom-up process
  • 4.3 Characterization of nanoparticles
    • 4.3.1 Visual observations and microscopy
    • 4.3.2 Electron microscopy
    • 4.3.3 Scattering techniques
    • 4.3.4 Measurement of charge and zeta potential
• 5 Preparation of nanosuspensions using the top-down process
  • 5.1 Wetting of the bulk powder
  • 5.2 Breaking of aggregates and agglomerates into individual units
  • 5.3 Wet milling or comminution
  • 5.4 Stabilization of the suspension during dispersion and milling and the resulting nanosuspension
  • 5.5 Prevention of Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
• 6 Industrial application of nanosuspensions
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Application of nanosuspensions for drug delivery
    • 6.2.1 Preparation of drug nanosuspensions using the top-down process
    • 6.2.2 Optimization of wetting/dispersant agent using PVP-SDS as model
    • 6.2.3 Protocol for preparation of nanosuspensions of water insoluble drugs
  • 6.3 Application of nanosuspensions in cosmetics
    • 6.3.1 Adsorption isotherms
    • 6.3.2 Dispersant demand
    • 6.3.3 Quality of dispersion UV-vis attenuation
    • 6.3.4 Solids loading
    • 6.3.5 SPF Performance in emulsion preparations
    • 6.3.6 Criteria for preparation of a stable sunscreen dispersion
    • 6.3.7 Competitive interactions in formulations
  • 6.4 Application of nanosuspensions in paints and coatings
• 7 Nanoparticles as drug carriers
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Liposomes as drug carriers
  • 7.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
    • 7.3.1 Surface modified polystyrene latex particles as model drug carriers
    • 7.3.2 Biodegradable polymeric carriers
    • 7.3.3 The action mechanism of the stabilizing PEG chain
    • 7.3.4 Synthesis and characterization of PLA-PEG block copolymers
    • 7.3.5 Preparation and characterization of PLA-PEG nanoparticles
    • 7.3.6 Rheology of PLA-PEG dispersions
    • 7.3.7 Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) of PLA-PEG nanoparticles
    • 7.3.8 Biological performance of PLA-PEG nanoparticles
• 8 Preparation of nanoemulsion using high pressure homogenizers
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Thermodynamics of emulsion formation and breakdown
  • 8.3 Adsorption of surfactants at the liquid/liquid interface
  • 8.4 Mechanism of emulsification
  • 8.5 Methods of emulsification
  • 8.6 Role of surfactants in emulsion formation
  • 8.7 Role of surfactants in droplet deformation
  • 8.8 Selection of emulsifiers
    • 8.8.1 The hydrophilic-lipophile balance (HLB) concept
    • 8.8.2 The phase inversion temperature (PIT) concept
    • 8.8.3 The cohesive energy ratio (CER) concept
    • 8.8.4 The critical packing parameter (CPP) for emulsion selection
  • 8.9 Preparation of nanoemulsions using high energy methods
  • 8.10 Emulsification process functions
  • 8.11 Enhancing of the process of forming nanoemulsions
• 9 Low energy methods for preparation of nanoemulsions and practical examples of nanoemulsions
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Phase inversion composition (PIC) Principle
  • 9.3 Phase inversion temperature (PIT) Principle
  • 9.4 Preparation of nanoemulsions by dilution of microemulsions
  • 9.5 Steric stabilization and the role of the adsorbed layer thickness
  • 9.6 Ostwald ripening in nanoemulsions
  • 9.7 Practical examples of nanoemulsions
  • 9.8 Nanoemulsions based on polymeric surfactants
• 10 Swollen micelles or microemulsions and their industrial applications
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Thermodynamic definition of microemulsions
  • 10.3 Mixed film and solubilization theories of microemulsions
    • 10.3.1 Mixed film theories [4]
    • 10.3.2 Solubilization theories
  • 10.4 Thermodynamic theory of microemulsion formation
    • 10.4.1 Reason for combining two surfactants
    • 10.4.2 Free energy of formation of a microemulsion
    • 10.4.3 Factors determining W/O versus O/W microemulsions
  • 10.5 Characterization of microemulsions using scattering techniques
    • 10.5.1 Time average (static) light scattering
    • 10.5.2 Calculation of droplet size from interfacial area
    • 10.5.3 Dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy, PCS)
    • 10.5.4 Neutron scattering
    • 10.5.5 Contrast matching for determining the structure of microemulsions
  • 10.6 Characterization of microemulsions using conductivity
  • 10.7 NMR measurements
  • 10.8 Formulation of microemulsions
  • 10.9 Industrial applications of microemulsions
    • 10.9.1 Microemulsions in pharmaceuticals
    • 10.9.2 Applications of microemulsions in cosmetics
    • 10.9.3 Applications in agrochemicals
    • 10.9.4 Applications in the food industry
    • 10.9.5 Microemulsions in biotechnology
    • 10.9.6 Microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
    • 10.9.7 Microemulsions as nanosize reactors for synthesis of nanoparticles
• Index