With the continuing evolution of endoscopic techniques for surgery of lesions of the paranasal sinuses and skull base, and the reduced morbidity associated with this minimally invasive modality, the method has gained widespread use in recent years. This work offers a thorough review of all endoscopic approaches for access to the nose and paranasal sinuses and, through them, to the skull base. Central to this guide is the emphasis on profound knowledge of the complex anatomy in this area, as well as the many vital structures that can be endangered there. To this end, more than 900 full-color im.

• Endoscopic Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base: A Step-by-Step Anatomic Dissection Guide
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface (Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen)
• Preface (Isam Alobid)
• Acknowledgments
• Contributors
• Section 1 Introduction
  • 1 Evolution of Skull Base Surgery: The Multidisciplinary Team Approach
  • 2 Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Skull Base: The Ventral Pathway
    • Introduction
    • 2.1 Surgical Simulation Methodology
    • 2.2 Simulation of the Different Steps of the EE Approach
    • 2.3 Conclusion
• Section 2 Anatomy of the Lateral Nasal Wall and the Paranasal Sinuses
  • 3 Endoscopic Lateral Nasal Wall and Anterior and Posterior Ethmoid Sinus Dissection
    • Introduction
    • 3.1 Indications for Ethmoid Sinus Surgery
    • 3.2 Surgical Steps
    • 3.3 Infundibulotomy
    • 3.4 Middle Meatal Antrostomy
    • 3.5 Dissection of the Anterior Ethmoid (Partial Anterior Ethmoidectomy)
    • 3.6 Dissection of the Posterior Ethmoid (Ethmoidectomy)
  • 4 Frontal Sinus and Draf Approaches
    • Introduction
    • 4.1 Anatomy of the Frontal Recess and Frontoethmoid Cells
    • 4.2 Preoperative Evaluation
    • 4.3 Indications
    • 4.4 Surgical Steps
    • 4.5 Case Examples
    • 4.6 Complications and Tips and Tricks
  • 5 Sphenoid Sinus
    • Introduction
    • 5.1 Anatomy of the Sphenoid Sinus
    • 5.2 Preoperative Evaluation
    • 5.3 Indications
    • 5.4 Surgical Steps
    • 5.5 Case Examples
    • 5.6 Complications
    • 5.7 Tips and Tricks
  • 6 Medial Maxillectomy
    • Introduction
    • 6.1 Indications
    • 6.2 Surgical Steps
    • 6.3 Case Example
    • 6.4 Complications
    • 6.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 7 Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries
    • Introduction
    • 7.1 Indications to Expose the Ethmoidal Arteries
    • 7.2 Surgical Steps
    • 7.3 Case Example
    • 7.4 Complications
    • 7.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 8 Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries
    • Introduction
    • 8.1 Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries
    • 8.2 Indications for Approaches to the Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries
    • 8.3 Surgical Approach to the Sphenopalatine Artery
    • 8.4 Surgical Approach to the Maxillary Artery
    • 8.5 Complications
• Section 3 Anterior Cranial Fossa
  • 9 Transcribriform Approach
    • Introduction
    • 9.1 Indications
    • 9.2 Surgical Steps
    • 9.3 Case Example
    • 9.4 Complications
    • 9.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 10 Endoscopic Transtuberculum Transplanum Approach
    • Introduction
    • 10.1 Technical Description
    • 10.2 Case Example
  • 11 Suprasellar Approach to the Third Ventricle
    • Introduction
    • 11.1 Indications
    • 11.2 Surgical Steps
    • 11.3 Case Example
    • 11.4 Tips and Tricks
  • 12 Endoscopic Sellar Approach
    • Introduction
    • 12.1 Indications
    • 12.2 General Anatomic Considerations
    • 12.3 Surgical Steps
    • 12.4 Neuroimaging Techniques for Planning
    • 12.5 General Surgical Principles for Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach
    • 12.6 Surgical Steps
    • 12.7 Intradural Dissection
    • 12.8 Closure
    • 12.9 Case Example
    • 12.10 Complications
    • 12.11 Conclusion
  • 13 Cavernous Sinus Approach
    • Introduction
    • 13.1 Indications
    • 13.2 Surgical Steps
    • 13.3 Case Example
    • 13.4 Complications
    • 13.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 14 Endonasal Endoscopic–Assisted Intraorbital Approach
    • Introduction
    • 14.1 Indications
    • 14.2 Surgical Steps
    • 14.3 Case Examples
    • 14.4 Complications
    • 14.5 Tips and Tricks
    • 14.6 Dedicated Instrumentations
  • 15 Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Approach
    • Introduction
    • 15.1 Surgical Steps
    • 15.2 Conclusion
• Section 4 Middle Cranial Fossa
  • 16 The Anteromedial Corridor via the Expanded Endonasal Approach: The “Front Door to Meckel’s Cave”
    • Introduction
    • 16.1 Indications
    • 16.2 Anatomic Considerations
    • 16.3 Surgical Steps
    • 16.4 Case Example
    • 16.5 Complications
    • 16.6 Tips and Tricks
  • 17 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Intrapetrous Carotid Artery
    • Introduction
    • 17.1 Anatomic Background
    • 17.2 Indications
    • 17.3 Surgical Steps
    • 17.4 Case Examples
    • 17.5 Complications
  • 18 Anterior Endoscopic Petrosectomy
    • Introduction
    • 18.1 Indications
    • 18.2 Surgical Steps
    • 18.3 Complications
    • 18.4 Tips and Tricks
    • 18.5 Case Example
• Section 5 Clivus and Posterior Cranial Fossa
  • 19 Pituitary Gland Transposition and Retrosellar Approach
    • Introduction
    • 19.1 Indications
    • 19.2 Surgical Steps
    • 19.3 Case Example
    • 19.4 Complications
    • 19.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 20 Transclival Approach
    • Introduction
    • 20.1 Indications
    • 20.2 Surgical Steps
    • 20.3 Case Examples
    • 20.4 Complications
    • 20.5 Tips and Tricks
  • 21 Endoscopic Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction
    • Introduction
    • 21.1 Surgical Approaches
    • 21.2 Avoidance of Complications during Endoscopic Surgery of Craniovertebral Junction
    • 21.3 Common Pathologies of Craniovertebral Junction
    • 21.4 Complications and Their Avoidance
  • 22 The “Far Medial” (Transcondylar/Transtubercular) Approach to the Inferior Third of the Clivus
    • Introduction
    • 22.1 Surgical Technique
    • 22.2 Complications, Tips and Tricks
    • 22.3 Case Example
    • 22.4 Conclusion
  • 23 Jugular Foramen Approach
    • Introduction
    • 23.1 Indications
    • 23.2 Surgical Steps (Including Tips and Tricks, Technique, and Important Landmarks)
• Section 6 Pterygopalatine and Infratemporal Fossa
  • 24 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa
    • Introduction
    • 24.1 Indications
    • 24.2 Surgical Steps
    • 24.3 Instruments Required
    • 24.4 Complications
    • 24.5 Case Example
    • 24.6 Tips and Tricks
  • 25 Infratemporal Approach
    • Introduction
    • 25.1 Indications
    • 25.2 Infratemporal Fossa Limits
    • 25.3 Surgical Steps
    • 25.4 Case Examples
    • 25.5 Complications
    • 25.6 Tips and Tricks
  • 26 Nasopharyngectomy
    • Introduction
    • 26.1 Indications for an Expanded Endonasal Approach
    • 26.2 Contraindications to an Expanded Endonasal Approach
    • 26.3 Surgical Steps
    • 26.4 Reconstruction
    • 26.5 Discussion
    • 26.6 Contraindications to Surgery and Complications
    • 26.7 Conclusion
• Section 7 Combined Endoscopic–Transcranial Approaches
  • 27 Transbasal/Subfrontal-Transcribriform Approach to Anterior Skull Base
    • Introduction
    • 27.1 Indications
    • 27.2 Surgical Steps
    • 27.3 Case Example
    • 27.4 Complications
    • 27.5 Instruments Required
    • 27.6 Tips and Tricks
  • 28 Retrosigmoid–Transclival Approach
    • Introduction
    • 28.1 Indications
    • 28.2 Surgical Steps
    • 28.3 Conclusion
  • 29 Far Lateral-Craniovertebral Approach
    • 29.1 Far Lateral Approach
    • 29.2 Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival Approach to the Ventrolateral Brain Stem
  • 30 Anterior Transpetrosal Approach versus EEA Transclival Approach
    • Introduction
    • 30.1 Indications
    • 30.2 Surgical Steps
    • 30.3 Complications
    • 30.4 Tips and Tricks
    • 30.5 Case Example
• Section 8 Basic Landmarks in Expanded Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
  • 31 Intracranial Vascular Anatomy
    • Introduction
    • 31.1 Internal Carotid Artery
    • 31.2 Superior and Inferior Intercavernous Sinuses (and Cavernous Sinuses)
    • 31.3 Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses
    • 31.4 Basilar Artery (and Vertebrobasilar System including Vertebral Arteries)
  • 32 Anteromedial Corridors to the Cranial Nerves
    • Introduction
    • 32.1 Surgical Steps
    • 32.2 Tips and Tricks
  • 33 Bony Landmarks
    • Introduction
    • 33.1 Parapharyngeal ICA and the Eustachian Tube
    • 33.2 Petrous ICA and the Vidian Canal
    • 33.3 Paraclival ICA and the Clival Recess and the Foramen Rotundum
    • 33.4 Tips and Tricks
• Section 9 Reconstruction Techniques
  • 34 The Pedicled Nasoseptal Flap
    • Introduction
    • 34.1 Definition
    • 34.2 Indications
    • 34.3 Tips and Tricks
    • 34.4 Advantages
    • 34.5 Surgical Steps
    • 34.6 Complications
    • 34.7 Tips and Tricks to Prevent Complications
    • 34.8 Tips and Tricks
    • 34.9 Conclusion
  • 35 Middle and Inferior Turbinate Flaps
    • Introduction
    • 35.1 Reconstruction Technique
    • 35.2 Inferior Turbinate Flap
    • 35.3 Middle Turbinate Flap
    • 35.4 Discussion
  • 36 Anterior and Posterior Pedicle Lateral Nasal Wall Flaps
    • Introduction
    • 36.1 Indications
    • 36.2 Surgical Steps
    • 36.3 Complications
    • 36.4 Tips and Tricks
  • 37 Pericranial and Temporoparietal Fascia Flaps
    • Introduction
    • 37.1 Anatomy of the Frontal and Temporal Scalp
    • 37.2 Transfrontal Pericranial Flap
    • 37.3 Transpterygoid Temporoparietal Fascia Flap
    • 37.4 Discussion
• Index