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BASHIR, IMRAN. MASTERING BLOCKCHAIN: distributed ledger technology, decentralization, and smart contracts explained, 2nd edition;distributed ledger. — [Place of publication not identified]: PACKT Publishing, 2018. — 1 online resource — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/1789486.pdf>.

Record create date: 4/16/2018

Subject: COMPUTERS / Databases / General; COMPUTERS / Enterprise Applications / General; Electronic funds transfers.; Blockchains (Databases); Bitcoin.

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Packt Upsell
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Blockchain 101
- The growth of blockchain technology
- Distributed systems
- The history of blockchain and Bitcoin
  - Electronic cash
  - Blockchain
    - Blockchain defined
      - Peer-to-peer
      - Distributed ledger
      - Cryptographically-secure
      - Append-only
      - Updateable via consensus
  - Generic elements of a blockchain
    - How blockchain works
    - How blockchain accumulates blocks
  - Benefits and limitations of blockchain
  - Tiers of blockchain technology
  - Features of a blockchain
- Types of blockchain
  - Distributed ledgers
  - Distributed Ledger Technology
  - Public blockchains
  - Private blockchains
    - Semiprivate blockchains
    - Sidechains
    - Permissioned ledger
  - Shared ledger
  - Fully private and proprietary blockchains
  - Tokenized blockchains
  - Tokenless blockchains
- Consensus
  - Consensus mechanism
  - Types of consensus mechanisms
  - Consensus in blockchain
- CAP theorem and blockchain
- Summary
Chapter 2: Decentralization
- Decentralization using blockchain
- Methods of decentralization
  - Disintermediation
  - Contest-driven decentralization
- Routes to decentralization
  - How to decentralize
  - The decentralization framework example
- Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization
  - Storage
  - Communication
  - Computing power and decentralization
- Smart contracts
- Decentralized Organizations
  - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
  - Decentralized Autonomous Corporations
  - Decentralized Autonomous Societies
  - Decentralized Applications (DApps)
  - Requirements of a Decentralized Application
  - Operations of a DApp
    - DApp examples
      - KYC-Chain
      - OpenBazaar
      - Lazooz
- Platforms for decentralization
  - Ethereum
  - MaidSafe
  - Lisk
- Summary
Chapter 3: Symmetric Cryptography
- Working with the OpenSSL command line
- Introduction
  - Mathematics
    - Set
    - Group
    - Field
    - A finite field
    - Order
    - An abelian group
    - Prime fields
    - Ring
    - A cyclic group
    - Modular arithmetic
  - Cryptography
  - Confidentiality
  - Integrity
  - Authentication
    - Entity authentication
    - Data origin authentication
  - Non-repudiation
  - Accountability
- Cryptographic primitives
  - Symmetric cryptography
    - Stream ciphers
    - Block ciphers
      - Block encryption mode
      - Electronic Code Book
      - Cipher Block Chaining
      - Counter mode
      - Keystream generation mode
      - Message authentication mode
      - Cryptographic hash mode
  - Data Encryption Standard
  - Advanced Encryption Standard
    - How AES works
- Summary
Chapter 4: Public Key Cryptography
- Asymmetric cryptography
  - Integer factorization
  - Discrete logarithm
  - Elliptic curves
- Public and private keys
  - RSA
    - Encryption and decryption using RSA
    - Elliptic Curve Cryptography
      - Mathematics behind ECC
      - Point addition
      - Point doubling
  - Discrete logarithm problem in ECC
    - RSA using OpenSSL
    - RSA public and private key pair
      - Private key
      - Public key
      - Exploring the public key
    - Encryption and decryption
      - Encryption
      - Decryption
    - ECC using OpenSSL
      - ECC private and public key pair
      - Private key
      - Private key generation
  - Hash functions
    - Compression of arbitrary messages into fixed-length digest
    - Easy to compute
    - Preimage resistance
    - Second preimage resistance
    - Collision resistance
    - Message Digest
    - Secure Hash Algorithms
      - Design of Secure Hash Algorithms
      - Design of SHA-256
      - Design of SHA-3 (Keccak)
      - OpenSSL example of hash functions
      - Message Authentication Codes
      - MACs using block ciphers
      - Hash-based MACs
    - Merkle trees
    - Patricia trees
    - Distributed Hash Tables
    - Digital signatures
  - RSA digital signature algorithm
    - Sign then encrypt
    - Encrypt then sign
  - Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
    - How to generate a digital signature using OpenSSL
    - ECDSA using OpenSSL
    - Homomorphic encryption
    - Signcryption
    - Zero-Knowledge Proofs
    - Blind signatures
    - Encoding schemes
- Financial markets and trading
  - Trading
  - Exchanges
    - Orders and order properties
    - Order management and routing systems
    - Components of a trade
    - The underlying instrument
    - General attributes
    - Economics
    - Sales
    - Counterparty
  - Trade life cycle
  - Order anticipators
  - Market manipulation
- Summary
Chapter 5: Introducing Bitcoin
- Bitcoin
  - Bitcoin definition
  - Bitcoin – a bird's-eye view
    - Sending a payment to someone
- Digital keys and addresses
  - Private keys in Bitcoin
  - Public keys in Bitcoin
  - Addresses in Bitcoin
    - Base58Check encoding
    - Vanity addresses
      - Multisignature addresses
- Transactions
  - The transaction life cycle
    - Transaction fee
    - Transaction pools
  - The transaction data structure
    - Metadata
    - Inputs
    - Outputs
    - Verification
    - The script language
    - Commonly used opcodes
  - Types of transactions
    - Coinbase transactions
    - Contracts
  - Transaction veriﬁcation
    - Transaction malleability
- Blockchain
  - The structure of a block
  - The structure of a block header
  - The genesis block
- Mining
  - Tasks of the miners
  - Mining rewards
  - Proof of Work (PoW)
  - The mining algorithm
  - The hash rate
  - Mining systems
    - CPU
    - GPU
    - FPGA
    - ASICs
  - Mining pools
- Summary
Chapter 6: Bitcoin Network and Payments
- The Bitcoin network
- Wallets
  - Non-deterministic wallets
  - Deterministic wallets
  - Hierarchical Deterministic wallets
  - Brain wallets
  - Paper wallets
  - Hardware wallets
  - Online wallets
  - Mobile wallets
- Bitcoin payments
- Innovation in Bitcoin
  - Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs)
  - Advanced protocols
  - Segregated Witness (SegWit)
  - Bitcoin Cash
  - Bitcoin Unlimited
  - Bitcoin Gold
  - Bitcoin investment and buying and selling bitcoins
- Summary
Chapter 7: Bitcoin Clients and APIs
- Bitcoin installation
  - Types of Bitcoin Core clients
    - Bitcoind
    - Bitcoin-cli
    - Bitcoin-qt
  - Setting up a Bitcoin node
  - Setting up the source code
  - Setting up bitcoin.conf
  - Starting up a node in testnet
  - Starting up a node in regtest
  - Experimenting with Bitcoin-cli
  - Bitcoin programming and the command-line interface
- Summary
Chapter 8: Alternative Coins
- Theoretical foundations
  - Alternatives to Proof of Work
    - Proof of Storage
    - Proof of Stake (PoS)
  - Various stake types
    - Proof of coinage
    - Proof of Deposit (PoD)
    - Proof of Burn
    - Proof of Activity (PoA)
    - Nonoutsourceable puzzles
  - Difficulty adjustment and retargeting algorithms
    - Kimoto Gravity Well
    - Dark Gravity Wave
    - DigiShield
    - MIDAS
- Bitcoin limitations
  - Privacy and anonymity
    - Mixing protocols
    - Third-party mixing protocols
    - Inherent anonymity
  - Extended protocols on top of Bitcoin
    - Colored coins
    - Counterparty
  - Development of altcoins
    - Consensus algorithms
    - Hashing algorithms
    - Difficulty adjustment algorithms
    - Inter-block time
    - Block rewards
    - Reward halving rate
    - Block size and transaction size
    - Interest rate
    - Coinage
    - Total supply of coins
- Namecoin
  - Trading Namecoins
  - Obtaining Namecoins
  - Generating Namecoin records
- Litecoin
- Primecoin
  - Trading Primecoin
  - Mining guide
- Zcash
  - Trading Zcash
  - Mining guide
    - Address generation
    - GPU mining
      - Downloading and compiling nheqminer
  - Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)
  - ERC20 tokens
- Summary
Chapter 9: Smart Contracts
- History
- Definition
- Ricardian contracts
  - Smart contract templates
  - Oracles
  - Smart Oracles
  - Deploying smart contracts on a blockchain
  - The DAO
- Summary
Chapter 10: Ethereum 101
- Introduction
  - The yellow paper
    - Useful mathematical symbols
  - Ethereum blockchain
- Ethereum – bird's eye view
- The Ethereum network
  - Mainnet
  - Testnet
  - Private net
- Components of the Ethereum ecosystem
  - Keys and addresses
  - Accounts
    - Types of accounts
  - Transactions and messages
    - Contract creation transaction
    - Message call transaction
    - Messages
    - Calls
    - Transaction validation and execution
    - The transaction substate
    - State storage in the Ethereum blockchain
    - The world state
    - The account state
    - Transaction receipts
  - Ether cryptocurrency / tokens (ETC and ETH)
  - The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
    - Execution environment
    - Machine state
    - The iterator function
  - Smart contracts
    - Native contracts
- Summary
Chapter 11: Further Ethereum
- Programming languages
  - Runtime bytecode
    - Opcodes and their meaning
    - Arithmetic operations
    - Logical operations
    - Cryptographic operations
    - Environmental information
    - Block information
    - Stack, memory, storage, and ﬂow operations
    - Push operations
    - Duplication operations
    - Exchange operations
    - Logging operations
    - System operations
  - Blocks and blockchain
    - The genesis block
    - The block validation mechanism
      - Block finalization
    - Block difficulty
    - Gas
  - Fee schedule
    - Forks in the blockchain
    - Nodes and miners
      - The consensus mechanism
    - Ethash
      - CPU mining
      - GPU mining
      - Benchmarking
      - Mining rigs
      - Mining pools
    - Wallets and client software
      - Geth
      - Eth
      - Pyethapp
      - Parity
      - Light clients
      - Installation
      - Eth installation
      - Mist browser
      - Geth
      - The geth console
      - Funding the account with bitcoin
      - Parity installation
      - Creating accounts using the parity command line
    - APIs, tools, and DApps
      - Applications (DApps and DAOs) developed on Ethereum
      - Tools
  - Supporting protocols
    - Whisper
    - Swarm
  - Scalability, security, and other challenges
  - Trading and investment
- Summary
Chapter 12: Ethereum Development Environment
- Test networks
- Setting up a private net
  - Network ID
  - The genesis file
  - Data directory
    - Flags and their meaning
    - Static nodes
- Starting up the private network
  - Running Mist on private net
  - Deploying contracts using Mist
  - Block explorer for private net / local Ethereum block explorer
- Summary
Chapter 13: Development Tools and Frameworks
- Languages
  - Compilers
    - Solidity compiler (solc)
      - Installation on Linux
      - Installation on macOS
    - Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
      - Remix
    - Tools and libraries
      - Node version 7
      - EthereumJS
    - Ganache
    - MetaMask
    - Truffle
      - Installation
    - Contract development and deployment
      - Writing
      - Testing
- Solidity language
  - Types
    - Value types
      - Boolean
      - Integers
      - Address
    - Literals
      - Integer literals
      - String literals
      - Hexadecimal literals
    - Enums
    - Function types
      - Internal functions
      - External functions
    - Reference types
      - Arrays
      - Structs
      - Data location
      - Mappings
    - Global variables
    - Control structures
      - Events
      - Inheritance
      - Libraries
      - Functions
    - Layout of a Solidity source code ﬁle
      - Version pragma
      - Import
      - Comments
- Summary
Chapter 14: Introducing Web3
- Web3
  - Contract deployment
  - POST requests
  - The HTML and JavaScript frontend
    - Installing web3.js
      - Example
      - Creating a web3 object
      - Checking availability by calling any web3 method
      - Contract functions
  - Development frameworks
    - Truffle
      - Initializing Truffle
      - Interaction with the contract
      - Another example
      - An example project – Proof of Idea
    - Oracles
    - Deployment on decentralized storage using IPFS
      - Installing IPFS
    - Distributed ledgers
- Summary
Chapter 15: Hyperledger
- Projects under Hyperledger
  - Fabric
  - Sawtooth Lake
  - Iroha
  - Burrow
  - Indy
  - Explorer
  - Cello
  - Composer
  - Quilt
- Hyperledger as a protocol
- The reference architecture
  - Requirements and design goals of Hyperledger Fabric
    - The modular approach
    - Privacy and confidentiality
    - Scalability
    - Deterministic transactions
    - Identity
    - Auditability
    - Interoperability
    - Portability
    - Rich data queries
- Fabric
  - Hyperledger Fabric
    - Membership services
    - Blockchain services
    - Consensus services
    - Distributed ledger
      - The peer to peer protocol
      - Ledger storage
      - Chaincode services
      - Components of the fabric
      - Peers
      - Orderer nodes
      - Clients
      - Channels
      - World state database
      - Transactions
      - Membership Service Provider (MSP)
      - Smart contracts
      - Crypto service provider
      - Applications on blockchain
      - Chaincode implementation
      - The application model
      - Consensus in Hyperledger Fabric
      - The transaction life cycle in Hyperledger Fabric
  - Sawtooth Lake
    - PoET
    - Transaction families
    - Consensus in Sawtooth
    - The development environment – Sawtooth Lake
  - Corda
    - Architecture
      - State objects
      - Transactions
      - Consensus
      - Flows
    - Components
      - Nodes
      - The permissioning service
      - Network map service
      - Notary service
      - Oracle service
      - Transactions
      - Vaults
      - CorDapp
    - The development environment – Corda
- Summary
Chapter 16: Alternative Blockchains
- Blockchains
  - Kadena
  - Ripple
    - Transactions
      - Payments related
      - Order related
      - Account and security-related
    - Interledger
      - Application layer
      - Transport layer
      - Interledger layer
      - Ledger layer
  - Stellar
  - Rootstock
    - Sidechain
    - Drivechain
  - Quorum
    - Transaction manager
    - Crypto Enclave
    - QuorumChain
    - Network manager
  - Tezos
  - Storj
  - MaidSafe
  - BigchainDB
  - MultiChain
  - Tendermint
    - Tendermint Core
    - Tendermint Socket Protocol (TMSP)
- Platforms and frameworks
  - Eris
- Summary
Chapter 17: Blockchain – Outside of Currencies
- Internet of Things
  - Physical object layer
  - Device layer
  - Network layer
  - Management layer
  - Application layer
  - IoT blockchain experiment
    - First node setup
    - Raspberry Pi node setup
      - Installing Node.js
    - Circuit
  - Government
    - Border control
    - Voting
    - Citizen identification (ID cards)
    - Miscellaneous
  - Health
  - Finance
    - Insurance
    - Post-trade settlement
    - Financial crime prevention
  - Media
- Summary
Chapter 18: Scalability and Other Challenges
- Scalability
  - Network plane
  - Consensus plane
  - Storage plane
  - View plane
  - Block size increase
  - Block interval reduction
  - Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables
  - Sharding
  - State channels
  - Private blockchain
  - Proof of Stake
  - Sidechains
    - Subchains
    - Tree chains (trees)
    - Block propagation
    - Bitcoin-NG
    - Plasma
- Privacy
  - Indistinguishability Obfuscation
  - Homomorphic encryption
  - Zero-Knowledge Proofs
  - State channels
  - Secure multiparty computation
  - Usage of hardware to provide confidentiality
  - CoinJoin
  - Confidential transactions
  - MimbleWimble
  - Security
    - Smart contract security
      - Formal verification and analysis
      - Oyente tool
- Summary
Chapter 19: Current Landscape and What's Next
- Emerging trends
  - Application-specific blockchains (ASBCs)
  - Enterprise-grade blockchains
  - Private blockchains
  - Start-ups
  - Strong research interest
  - Standardization
  - Enhancements
  - Real-world implementations
  - Consortia
  - Answers to technical challenges
  - Convergence
  - Education of blockchain technology
  - Employment
  - Cryptoeconomics
  - Research in cryptography
  - New programming languages
  - Hardware research and development
  - Research in formal methods and security
  - Alternatives to blockchains
  - Interoperability efforts
  - Blockchain as a Service
  - Efforts to reduce electricity consumption
- Other challenges
  - Regulation
  - Dark side
- Blockchain research
  - Smart contracts
  - Centralization issues
  - Limitations in cryptographic functions
  - Consensus algorithms
  - Scalability
  - Code obfuscation
- Notable projects
  - Zcash on Ethereum
  - CollCo
  - Cello
  - Qtum
  - Bitcoin-NG
  - Solidus
  - Hawk
  - Town-Crier
  - SETLCoin
  - TEEChan
  - Falcon
  - Bletchley
  - Casper
- Miscellaneous tools
  - Solidity extension for Microsoft Visual Studio
  - MetaMask
  - Stratis
  - Embark
  - DAPPLE
  - Meteor
  - uPort
  - INFURA
- Convergence with other industries
- Future
- Summary
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BASHIR, IMRAN. MASTERING BLOCKCHAIN: distributed ledger technology, decentralization, and smart contracts explained, 2nd edition;distributed ledger. — [Place of publication not identified]: PACKT Publishing, 2018. — 1 online resource — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/1789486.pdf>.

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