"Recent scholarship has confirmed earlier observations that nominalization plays a crucial role in the formation of complex constructions in the world's languages. Grammatical nominalizations are one of the most salient and widespread features of languages of the Americas, yet they have not been approached as foundational grammatical structures for constructions such as relative clauses and complement clauses. This is due to an imbalance in past scholarship, which has tended to focus on these constructions at the expense of the nominalization structures underlying them. The papers in this collection treat grammatical nominalizations in their own right, and as a starting point for the investigation of their uses in complex grammatical structures. A representative sample of Amerindian languages, with focus on South America, examines properties of grammatical nominalizations such as their multiple functions, their internal and external syntax, and their diachronic development. Among the far-reaching theoretical conclusions reached by the studies in this volume is that the various types of relative clauses recognized in the typological literature are actually no more than epiphenomena arising from the different uses of grammatical nominalizations"--.

• Nominalization in Languages of the Americas
• Editorial page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• 1. Nominalization in languages of the Americas
  • References
• Part I. Nominalization theory, definitions and typology
• 2. What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Defining nominalization
    • 2.1 Nominalization as a metonymic process
    • 2.2 Meaning range and the nature of lexical nominalizations
    • 2.3 Inputs to nominalization processes
    • 2.4 Outputs of nominalization processes
  • 3. Verbal-based grammatical nominalization
    • 3.1 Event nominalizations
    • 3.2 Argument nominalizations
      • 3.2.1 Role markers
  • 4. Formal representations of verbal-based nominalizations
  • 5. Structures and their use
    • 5.1 NP-use and modification-use of grammatical nominalizations
    • 5.2 NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “internally-headed RCs”
    • 5.3 NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “complement clauses”
    • 5.4 NP-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “headless/free relative clauses”
    • 5.5 Modification-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “relative clauses”
  • 6. Sentences, clauses, and nominalizations
    • 6.1 Tense and nominalization
    • 6.2 Functional definitions of clauses, sentences, and nominalizations
    • 6.3 Insubordination
    • 6.4 Evidence that nominalizations are not clauses or sentences
      • 6.4.1 Plural marking
      • 6.4.2 Classifier marking
  • 7. Nominal-based nominalizations
  • 8. Structure, use, and form
    • 8.1 From NP-use markers to nominalizers
  • 9. Summary and implications
    • 9.1 Implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 3. Nominalization in cross-linguistic diachronic perspective
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Some traditional assumptions about nominalization
  • 3. Nominalization and the origins of nominalizers
  • 4. Diachrony and the structural diversity of nominalizations
  • 5. Diachrony and the distribution of nominalizations
  • 6. Concluding remarks
  • References
• Part II. Areal studies on nominalization in South America
• 4. Case markers as subordinators in South American indigenous languages
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Preliminaries
  • 3. Case systems in South American languages and their extensions to subordinate clauses
    • 3.1 Presence of case
    • 3.2 Core case
    • 3.3 Dative cases
    • 3.4 Comitatives and instruments
    • 3.5 Spatial cases
    • 3.6 Oblique cases
    • 3.7 Other cases
  • 4. Discussion
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgement
  • References
• 5. Nominalized constructions with argument functions in the languages of the Chaco
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Preliminaries
  • 3. Nominalization in Chaco languages
    • 3.1 Wichi (Mataguayan)
    • 3.2 Nivacle (Mataguayan)
    • 3.3 Toba (Guaycuruan)
    • 3.4 Pilaga (Guaycuruan)
    • 3.5 Ayoreo (Zamucoan)
    • 3.6 Chamacoco (Zamucoan)
    • 3.7 Tapiete (Tupi-Guarani)
    • 3.8 Chacoan Guarani (Tupi-Guarani)
    • 3.9 Vilela
    • 3.10 Lule
    • 3.11 Summary
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
• Part III. Case studies on nominalization in individual languages
• 6. Nominalization in Central Alaskan Yup’ik
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Lexical nominalizations
  • 3. Types and characteristics of CAY nominalizers
  • 4. Grammatical nominalizations
  • 5. Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 7. The ‘relative’ illusion and the origin of non-subject nominalizers in Cahita (Uto-Aztecan)
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The nominalization approach to relativization
    • 2.1 The notion of nominalization
    • 2.2 The notion of relativization
    • 2.3 The notion of apposition
    • 2.4 The nominalization/relativization syncretism
    • 2.5 Terminological problems in the domain of RCs
    • 2.6 The origin of the nominalization/relativization syncretism
  • 3. The Cahita language(s)
  • 4. Non-subject nominalizations in Cahita
    • 4.1 Old Cahita
    • 4.2 Modern Cahita
      • 4.2.1 Yaqui
      • 4.2.2 Mayo
  • 5. The origin of the Cahita non-subject nominalization markers
    • 5.1 The origin of the suffix -‘ye’
    • 5.2 The origin of the suffixes -’‘u/-’Vwi’ in Yaqui and in Mayo
    • 5.3 An alternative source for the suffix -‘’u’ in Yaqui
      • 5.3.1 The suffix -‘u’ in Old Cahita
      • 5.3.2 The suffix -‘’u’ in Yaqui
  • 6. Final remarks
  • References
• 8. On habitual periphrasis in Cuzco Quechua
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The aspectual selva oscura of habitual constructions
  • 3. Past Habitual Periphrasis in Cuzco Quechua – Form and function(s)
  • 4. The emergence and expansion of the construction
  • 5. Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 9. Life of ‘=ti’: Use and grammaticalization of a clausal nominalizer in Yurakaré
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Background on Yurakaré
    • 1.2 Data
  • 2. Subordinating uses of ‘=ti’
    • 2.1 =‘ti’-marked clauses with argument function
    • 2.2 =‘ti’-marked clauses with relativizing function
    • 2.3 =‘ti’-marked clauses with complement function
    • 2.4 =‘ti’-marked clauses with adverbial function
    • 2.5 Connection between subordinating uses
  • 3. The demonstrative ‘ati’ as a possible source for ‘=ti’
  • 4. Insubordination of ‘=ti’
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 10. The rise of the nominalizations
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Nominalization in Ecuadorian Siona
    • 2.1 The role of nominal classifiers
    • 2.2 Types of nominalizations
    • 2.3 Functions of nominalizations
  • 3. Subject agreement morphology
    • 3.1 Clause type paradigms
      • 3.1.1 Assertive clauses
      • 3.1.2 Non-assertive clauses
      • 3.1.3 Dependent clauses
    • 3.2 Tense and subject agreement morphology
  • 4. The source of the subject agreement suffixes
  • 5. Reconstructing the non-assertive and dependent constructions
    • 5.1 The origin of the reportative
    • 5.2 The origin of the interrogative
    • 5.3 The origin of the dependent verb marking
  • 6. Summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 11. Form and functions of nominalization in Wampis
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background and grammatical sketch
    • 2.1 Parts of speech
      • 2.1.1 Adjectives
      • 2.1.2 Nouns and noun phrases
      • 2.1.3 Verbs
    • 2.2 Finiteness and structure of the clause
  • 3. Overview of Wampis nominalizations
  • 4. Lexical nominalization
    • 4.1 Set I Agentive S/A nominalizer -‘inu’
    • 4.2 Set I Future nominalizer -‘tinu’
    • 4.3 Set I Action nominalizer -‘ta’
    • 4.4 Set I Non-agentive nominalizer -‘taĩ’
    • 4.5 Set II Subject nominalizer -‘u’
    • 4.6 Set II Non-subject nominalizer -‘mau’
  • 5. Grammatical nominalization: Structure and functions
    • 5.1 Internal and external structure
    • 5.2 Relativization
      • 5.2.1 Non-future relativization
      • 5.2.2 Future relativization
    • 5.3 Nominalizations as arguments
      • 5.3.1 Complementation
      • 5.3.2 Complements of verbs of movement
    • 5.4 Adverbial modification
      • 5.4.1 Temporal and reason modification with -‘mau =nVma’
      • 5.4.2 Purpose modification with Set I future nominalizer -‘tinu’
    • 5.5 Copy-verb construction
    • 5.6 Main clause constructions involving nominalizations
      • 5.6.1 Indefinite/Distant future with Set I future nominalizer -‘tinu’
      • 5.6.2 Habitualness with Set I S/A nominalizer -‘inu’
      • 5.6.3 Habitual Past=‘hak’ with Set II -‘u’ and -‘mau’
      • 5.6.4 Potential and deontic sense V-mai + Set I -‘inu’
      • 5.6.5 Normative with Set I non-agentive -‘taĩ’
  • 6. From nominalizations to finite structures
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
• 12. Nominalization in Harakmbut
  • 1. The Harakmbut language and collection of data
  • 2. Nominalization in Harakmbut
  • 3. Basic features of Harakmbut grammar
  • 4. Nominalization with prefix ‘wa(ʔ)-’
    • 4.1 Animate referents
    • 4.2 Inanimate referents
  • 5. Nominalization with prefix ‘e(ʔ)-’
    • 5.1 Complement relations
      • 5.1.1 Commentative predicates
      • 5.1.2 Ability predicates
      • 5.1.3 Immediate perception predicates
      • 5.1.4 Desiderative predicates
    • 5.2 Adverbial relations
      • 5.2.1 Temporal relations
      • 5.2.2 Concessive relations
      • 5.2.3 Conditional relations
      • 5.2.4 Locative relations
    • 5.3 Participant nominalization
  • 6. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 13. Nominalization in Shawi/Chayahuita
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Shawi language
  • 3. The Generalized Scale Model (GSM)
  • 4. Strong nominalization
    • 4.1 Performer/Agent nominalizer -‘napi’ (very frequent)/ -‘te’’ (less frequent)/ -‘tun’ (rare)
    • 4.2 Patient nominalizer -‘pi’
    • 4.3 Instrument nominalizer -‘nan’
  • 5. Weak nominalization
    • 5.1 General nominalizer -‘su’’
      • 5.1.1 Purposive -‘ka’-1/2/3-‘su’’(= mare’)
      • 5.1.2 Prohibitive ama V-IMP-(su’)-we
  • 6. Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 14. Clausal nominalization in Kakataibo (Panoan)
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Kakataibo language and its dialects
  • 3. Grammatical nominalizations
    • 3.1 Markers
      • 3.1.1 Nominalizer ‘-kë’
      • 3.1.2 Future nominalizer ‘-ti’
      • 3.1.3 Remote past nominalizer ‘-a’
      • 3.1.4 ‘-tibu’ ‘present habitual nominalizer’
      • 3.1.5 ‘-ai’ ‘present non-habitual nominalizer’
    • 3.2 Argument and event-nominalizations
    • 3.3 Structure of grammatical nominalizations
      • 3.3.1 Internal syntax
      • 3.3.2 External syntax
    • 3.4 Functions of grammatical nominalizations
      • 3.4.1 Relativization
  • 4. Some notes on the historical relationship between nominalizers and switch-reference suffixes
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 15. Nominalization and switch-reference in Iskonawa (Panoan, Peru)
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Iskonawa language and its speakers
  • 3. Nominalization in Iskonawa
    • 3.1 Internal syntax and extreme isomorphism with independent clauses
    • 3.2 External syntax of grammatical nominalizations
    • 3.3 Adpositions and the relativization function of grammatical nominalizations
  • 4. Nominalization and switch-reference
    • 4.1 The switch-reference function of grammatical nominalizations
    • 4.2 Nominalization and switch-reference in diachronic perspective
  • 5. Conclusions
  • References
• 16. Lexicalized nominalized clauses in Matses (Panoan)
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Overview of nominalization in Matses
    • 2.1 Parameters of nominalization in Matses
    • 2.2 Action nominalizations vs. participant nominalizations
    • 2.3 Inventory of nominalizing suffixes
  • 3. Basic features of Matses grammar essential for analyzing nominalizations
  • 4. Grammar of nominalized clauses
    • 4.1 Internal syntax
    • 4.2 External syntax
    • 4.3 Relativization
    • 4.4 Summary of grammatical differences between types of nominalizations
  • 5. Lexicalized nominalized clauses
    • 5.1 Internal grammar
    • 5.2 External grammar
    • 5.3 Inventory of lexicalized nominalizations
  • 6. Discussion
    • 6.1 A comparison with English nominalization
    • 6.2 Lexicalization paths
  • References
• 17. Nominalization and its pervasiveness in Xavante
  • Introduction
  • 1. Background information
    • 1.1 Nouns
      • 1.1.1 Noun classes
      • 1.1.2 Noun stems
    • 1.2 Verbs
      • 1.2.1 Verb classes
      • 1.2.2 Verb stems
    • 1.3 Parallels between nouns and verbs
      • 1.3.1 Clitics and particles
      • 1.3.2 Predicate function
      • 1.3.3 Valency
  • 2. Nominalizations
    • 2.1 Lexical nominalizations
      • 2.1.1 ‘Agent’ deverbal nouns
      • 2.1.2 ‘Non-agent’ deverbal nouns
      • 2.1.3 ‘Action’ deverbal nouns
    • 2.2 Grammatical nominalization
      • 2.2.1 Clause nominalization
      • 2.2.2 Nominalization and discourse
  • 3. Diachronic hypothesis
    • 3.1 Stative verbs
    • 3.2 Negation
    • 3.3 Aspect
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix
• 18. Innovation in nominalization in Tupí-Guaraní languages
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Languages
  • 3. The omnipredicative pattern in conservative Tupí-Guaraní languages
  • 4. Nominalization in Tupinambá
    • 4.1 Deverbal nominalization
    • 4.2 Nominalization of other categories
    • 4.3 Summary of nominalization in Tupinambá
  • 5. Nominalization in Apyãwa
    • 5.1 Deverbal nominalization
    • 5.2 Nominalization from other categories
    • 5.3 Summary of the nominalizations in Apyãwa
  • 6. Nominalization in Nheengatú
    • 6.1 Morphosyntactic background of Nheengatú
    • 6.2 Nominalization in Nheengatú
      • 6.2.1 Deverbal nominalizations
      • 6.2.2 Nominalization from other categories
      • 6.2.3 Summary of nominalizations in Nheengatú
  • 7. Comparison of nominalizations in Apyãwa, Tupinambá and Nheengatú
  • 8. Final remarks
  • References
• Subject index