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Archaeopress Egyptology Ser.
The Tekenu and Ancient Egyptian Funerary Ritual. — Oxford: Archaeopress, 2019. — 1 online resource (312 pages). — (Archaeopress Egyptology Ser.). — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/2274016.pdf>.

Record create date: 10/19/2019

Subject: Funeral rites and ceremonies — History; Funeral rites and ceremonies.

Collections: EBSCO

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Annotation

Attested from the Fifth Dynasty until, and including, the Saite Period, the Tekenu is a puzzling icon depicted within funerary scenes in the tombs of some ancient Egyptian nobles. In this work four distinct types of Tekenu are identified and classified and then a Corpus Catalogue is formed.

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Table of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • List of Figures
  • Introduction and literature review
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Literature review
      • 1.2.1 The Tekenu as a sacrificial object
      • 1.2.2 The Tekenu as an element of a ‘skin ritual’
        •  Figure 1.2.2.1. Possible burial in a sarcophagus covered by bull? head and skin.
      • 1.2.3 Archaic Funerary Practices and the Tekenu
      • 1.2.4 The Tekenu and remnants of the Mummification process
      • 1.2.5 The Tekenu as an Officiant or Ritualist
      • 1.2.6 The Tekenu as a specific deity
      • 1.2.7 The corn mummy and the Tekenu
        •  Figure 1.2.7.1. Germinated effigy of Osiris.
      • 1.2.8 The Tekenu and its link with hair
      • 1.2.10 The word Tekenu, a philological approach
        • Figure 1.2.10.1. Dictionary entry for the word tknw.
      • 1.2.9 The Tekenu and the 2n4 Object
      • 1.2.11 The diachronic perspective of the Tekenu
      • 1.2.12 Summary and conclusions
        • Figure 1.2.12.1. Nut with child sitting up in her womb.
  • Part 1 Formulation of the corpus catalogue
  • Aims and method
    • 2.1 Scope
    • 2.2 aims
    • 2.3 Method
    • 2.4 Terms
      • Chapter 3
  • Typology: criteria and creation
    • 3.1 Identifying a Tekenu
    • 3.2 Four prototypes
      • Figure 3.2.1. TT 82. Amorphous shape on a sledge, dragged by men and identified by the text caption as the Tekenu
      • Figure 3.2.2. TT 60 Human figure kneeling /on haunches, dragged on sledge and identified by the text caption as the Tekenu (circled).
      • Figure 3.2.3. TT 100. Recumbent form on a table. Human head, hands and palms visible. Identified by the text caption as the Tekenu (circled).
      • Figure 3.2.4. TT 11. Standing man holding a skin on a stick. Identified as the Tekenu by the preceding text caption (circled).
    • 3.3 Context
      • Figure 3.3.1. Type 1, TT 82. Tekenu in the funerary procession near sarcophagus, albeit in the next register.
      • Figure 3.3.2. Type 2, TT 60. Tekenu in the funerary procession in subregister alongside the canopic chest and followed by the sarcophagus.
      • Figure 3.3.3. Type 3, TT 100. Tekenu amongst images of the holy district.
      • Figure 3.3.4. Type 4, TT 20. Tekenu, standing, then on a sledge, then standing.
    • 3.4 Identification criteria
    • 3.5 Classification by type
      • 3.5.1 type 1
        • Figure 3.5.1.1. Attestations of Type 1 Tekenu
      • 3.5.2 Type 2
        • Figure 3.5.2.1 Attestations of Type 2 Tekenu
      • 3.5.3 Type 3
        • Figure 3.5.3.1 Attestations of Type 3 Tekenu
      • 3.5.4 Type 4
    • 3.6 Subdivision of types
      • 3.6.1 type 1: A–C
        • Figure 3.6.1.1 Examples of Type 1A–1C Tekenu
      • 3.6.2 type 2: A–C
        • Figure 3.6.2.1 Examples of Type 2A–2C Tekenu
      • 3.6.3 TYPE 3: A–B
        • Figure 3.6.3.1 Examples of Type 3A–3B Tekenu
      • 3.6.4 TYPE 4
        • Figure 3.6.4.1 Example of Type 4 Tekenu
  • Corpus catalogue
    • 4.1 Preliminaries
    • 4.2 TYPE 1A
      • Figure 4.2.1 TT 36 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
      • Figure 4.2.2. TT 36. Funerary procession, eastern wall
      • Figure 4.2.3. TT 36.Detail of the Tekenu, Source: Kuhlman and Schenkel, Ibi, pl.LXV.
      • Figure 4.2.4.TT 49 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 90.
      • Figure 4.2.5. TT 49. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.6. TT 49. The funerary procession. Source: Davies, compilation, Neferhotep, pl. XX, southern side of doorway.
      • Figure 4.2.7. TT 49. Two stages in the preparation of the coffin.
      • Figure 4.2.8. TT 49. Burial furniture with possible creation of Type 1A
      • Figure 4.2.9. TT 55 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 106.
      • Figure 4.2.10. TT 55 The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.11. TT 55. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.12.TT 55. Text identifying accompanying people.
      • Figure 4.2.14. TT 55. Text above men.
      • Figure 4.2.15. TT 55. Text above Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.16. TT 55. Text identifying people as coming from Pe and Dep.
      • Figure 4.2.17. TT 82 Tomb plan.
      • Figure 4.2.18. TT 82. The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.19. TT 82. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.20.TT 82. The Tekenu and text.
      • Figure 4.2.21. TT 82. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.22. TT 82. Reproduction of text by Hayes.
      • Figure 4.2.23. TT 82 Mention of ‘Green Bag’
      • Figure 4.2.24.TT 82. The Tekenu in procession towards the Mww-dancers.
      • Figure 4.2.25. TT 92. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 186.
      • Figure 4.2.26. TT 92. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.27. TT 92. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2 28. TT 92. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.29. TT 92. Top Register. Bearing the funerary furniture.
      • Figure 4.2.30. TT 92. Top Register. Bearing the funerary furniture.
      • Figure 4.2.31. TT 92. Third Register. voyage to Sais.
      • Figure 4.2.32. TT 104 Tomb plan: PM I/11, 208.
      • Figure 4.2.33. TT 104. The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.34. TT 104. The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.35. TT 104. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.36. TT 123 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 232.
      • Figure 4.2.37. TT 123. Procession of the Tekenu and the canopic chest.
      • Figure 4.2.38. TT 127 Tomb plan: PM I/1, 238.
      • Figure 4.2.39. TT 127. Section of funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.40. TT 279. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 356.
      • Figure 4.2.41. TT 279. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.42. TT 279. Detail of the Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.43. TT 279. Tekenu showing the two ropes attaching the Tekenu and mummy bier.
      • Figure 4.2.44. TT 279. Standard bearers. Tekenu shape indicated.
      • Figure 4.2.45. TT 389. Tomb plan PM I/1, 438.
      • Figure 4.2.46. TT 389 Reconstructed Tekenu with identifying text.
      • Figure 4.2.47. TT 389. Reconstructed section of the funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.2.48. TT A4. Tomb plan.
      • Figure 4.2.49. TT A4. Funerary Scene.
      • Figure 4.2.50. TT A4. Reconstructed funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.51. TT A4. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.52. TT A4. Text ‘the Green bag!’
      • Figure 4.2.53. EK 3. Tomb plan:
      • Figure 4.2.54. The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.55. EK 3. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.56. EK 3. The Tekenu with accompanying text.
      • Figure 4.2.57. EK 3. Reproduction of text, G. Hayes.
      • Figure 4.2.58. JHj. Tomb plan.
      • Figure 4.2.59. JHj. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.2.60. JHj. Fragment depicting remnant of Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.61. JHj. Tekenu shown as definite type 1A.
      • Figure 4.2.62. JHj.Remnants of the Tekenu and hieroglyphic caption.
      • Figure 4.2.63. Unknown Tomb The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.2.64. Unknown Tomb The Tekenu and text.
      • Figure 4.2.65. Unknown Tomb.
    • 4.3 Type 1B
      • Figure 4.3.1. TT 34. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 52.
      • Figure 4.3.2. TT 34. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.3. TT 34. Reconstruction of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.4. TT 34. Line drawing. The Tekenu and text.
      • Figure 4.3.5. TT 34. Possible position of sarcophagus.
      • Figure 4.3.6. TT 34. Possible position of canopic chest.
      • Figure 4.3.7. TT 36. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
      • Figure 4.3.9. TT 36. Section of the funerary procession which follows pl. LXII.
      • Figure 4.3.8. TT 36. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.10. TT 36. Detail of position of the rope attached to sarcophagus.
      • Figure 4.3.11. TT 36. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.12 TT 53. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 90.
      • Figure 4.3.13. TT 53. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.14. TT 53. Sections of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.15. TT 53. Sections of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.16. TT 53. Tekenu in the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.17. TT 53. Record of tomb.
      • Figure 4.3.18. TT 53. text.
      • Figure 4.3.20. TT 147. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.21. TT 147. The funerary procession.
      • Figure. 4.3.19. TT 147. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 256.
      • Figure 4.3.22. TT 147. The Tekenu sledge attached to the naos.
      • Figure 4.3.23. TT 284. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 356.
      • Figure 4.3.24. TT 284. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.25. TT 284. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.3.26. TT 284. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.3.27. Djedmout. Anubis and mummy bier with Tekenu either positioned between the wheels of the funerary cart or next to it. Left-hand side of sarcophagus.
      • Figure 4.3.28. Djedmout. The Tekenu.
    • 4.4 TYPE 1C
      • Figure 4.4.1. TT 20 Tomb plan. PM I/1, 30.
      • Figure 4.4.2. TT 20. Southern wall key plan. Source; Davies, Five Theban Tombs, pl. XIV.
      • Figure 4.4.3. TT 20. Southern wall eastern end.
      • Figure 4.4.4. TT 20. Southern wall western end.
      • Figure 4.4.5. TT 20. Subscene Funerary procession. Text highlighted.
      • Figure 4.4.6. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.7. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.10. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Bottom register. Ped aha indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.8. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Middle register.
      • Figure 4.4.9. TT 20. Plate VI, Scene 1 Middle register.
      • Figure 4.4.11. Plate VI, Scene 1 TT 20. Bottom register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.12. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.13. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.14. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Middle register. Text identified.
      • Figure 4.4.15. TT 20. Fragment.
      • Figure 4.4.16. TT 20.Plate VII, Scene 2. Middle register.
      • Figure 4.4.17. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Bottom register. Text. indicated
      • Figure 4.4.18. TT 20. Fragment sledge indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.19. TT 20. Plate VII, Scene 2. Bottom register.
      • Figure 4.4.20. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3.Top register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.21. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Top register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.22. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Four textual references to the Tekenu indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.23. TT 11. Section of TT 11 analogous to left-hand side Davies pl. VIII top register. Figure identified as the Tekenu. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.24. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Middle register. Two scenes indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.25. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Middle register. Possible part of sledge indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.26. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Bottom register. Two scenes and text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.27. TT 20. Plate VIII, Scene 3. Bottom register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.28. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Top register. Text indicated
      • Figure 4.4.29. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4 Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.30. TT 20.Plate IX, Scene 4. Middle register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.31. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Middle register Berlin print.
      • Figure 4.4.32. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene.4. Middle register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.33. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Bottom register.
      • Figure 4.4.34. TT 20. Plate IX, Scene 4. Bottom register showing division of four vignettes
      • Figure 4.4.35. Scene from TT 11.
      • Figure 4.4.36. TT 20. Scene 3. Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.37. TT 20. Plate X Scene 5. Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.38. TT 20. fragment 1.
      • Figure 4.4.39. TT 20. Plate X scene 5 Top register Berlin print.
      • Figure 4.4.40. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Top register.
      • Figure 4.4.41. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.42. TT 20. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register.
      • Figure 4.4.43. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Middle register.
      • Figure 4.4.44. TT 20. Plate X scene 5. Bottom register:
      • Figure 4.4.45. TT 20.Plate X scene 5.Bottom register.
      • Figure 4.4.46. TT 20. Plate X scene 6. Text indicated
      • Figure 4.4.47. TT 20. Plate X scene 6, bottom register.
      • Figure 4.4.48. TT 20.Plate X sscene 7. Top and middle registers.Text and image indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.49. TT 20. Plate X scene 7. Bottom register. Text indicated.
      • Figure 4.4.50. TT 20. Plate X scene 7Bottom register. Text indicated.
    • 4.5 Type 2A
      • Figure 4.5.1. 4Htbr Location of tomb within the Ramesseum.
      • Figure 4.5.2. 4Htbr The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.5.3. 4Htbr The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.5.4. Funerary rites in the tomb of Paheri.
    • 4.6. TYPE 2B
      • Figure 4.6.1. TT 12. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 20
      • Figure 4.6.2. TT 12. Section of funerary procession
      • Figure 4.6.3. TT 12. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.4. TT 12. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.5. TT 12. Funerary procession,
      • Figure 4.6.6. TT 12. Mww dancers greeting the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.7. TT 12. Registers showing progression of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.8. TT 12. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.9. TT 15. Tomb plan: PM, I/1, 20.
      • Figure 4.6.10. TT 15. Funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.6.11. TT 15. Section of the funerary scene with Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.12. TT 17. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
      • Figure 4.6.13. TT 17. Remnants of the Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.14. TT 17. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.15. TT 17. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.16. TT 24. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
      • Figure 4.6.17. TT 24. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.18. TT 24. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.19. TT 39. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 64.
      • Figure 4.6.20. TT 39. Northern Chapel showing position of plates.
      • Figure 4.6.21. TT 39. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.22. TT 39. Northern wall, funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.23. TT 39. Eastern wall, entrance way. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.24. TT 42.Tomb plan: PM I/1, 80.
      • Figure 4.6.25. TT 42. Remnants of funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.26. TT 60. Tomb plan: PM, I/1, 106.
      • Figure 4.6.27. TT 60. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.28. TT 60. Section of funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.29. TT 60. Southern wall. Plan of funerary ritual and procession.
      • Figure 4.6.30. TT 81. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 160.
      • Figure 4.6.31. TT 81. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.32. TT 81. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.33. TT 81. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.34. TT 81. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.35. TT 81. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.36. TT 260. Tomb plan:PM I/1, 334.
      • Figure 4.6.37. TT 260. The Tekenu and Mww-dancers. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.38. TT 260. Remnants of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.39. TT 260. Southern wall plan.
      • Figure 4.6.40. TT C 4. Tomb plan. Manniche Lost Tombs, pl. XXXVIII.
      • Figure 4.6.41. TT C 4. The funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.42. TT C 4. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.43. EK 7. Tomb plan. Tylor, Renni, pl.XVII.
      • Figure 4.6.44. EK 7. Section of the funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.6.45. EK 7. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.6.46. EK 7. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.6.47. EK 7. Identifying text.
      • Figure 4.6.48. EK 7. Moret’s perceived Tekenu being draped.
      • Figure 4.6.49. EK 7. Tylor’s perceived statue being draped.
    • 4.7 TYPE 2C
      • Figure 4.7.1. TT 78. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 148.
      • Figure 4.7.2. TT 78. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.7.3. TT 78. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.7.4. TT 78. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.7.5. TT 172. Tomb plan.PM I/1, 272.
      • Figure 4.7.6. TT 172. Section of the funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.7.7. TT 172. The Tekenu.
    • 4.8 type 3A
      • Figure 4.8.1.TT 36.
      • Figure 4.8.2. TT 36. Remains of the Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.8.3. TT 36. Remnants of funerary ritual.
      • Figure 4.8.4. TT 96.Tomb plan. PM I/1, 196.
      • Figure 4.8.5. TT 96. The Tekenu .
      • Figure 4.8.6. TT 96. Funerary procession.
      • Figure 4.8.7. TT 100. Tomb plan. PM I/1, 208.
      • Figure 4.8.8. TT 100.. Funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.8.9. TT 100. Funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.8.10. TT 100. Funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.8.11. TT 100. Funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.8.12. TT 100. The Tekenu in immediate context.
      • Figure 4.8.13. TT 100 Remnants of four men.
      • Figure 4.8.14. TT 100. The Tekenu followed by the canopic chest.
      • Figure 4.8.15. TT 100. Remnants of mast and sail.
      • Figure 4.8.16. TT 100. The Tekenu in context. Text discussed indicated.
      • Figure 4.8.17. TT 125. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 238.
      • Figure 4.8.18. TT 125. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.8.19. TT 125. Raising the obelisk and part of an hoe.
      • Figure 4.8.20. TT 125. The Tekenu on table.
      • Figure 4.8.21. TT 125. Suggested Tekenu on sledge.
      • Figure 4.8.22. TT 276. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 348.
      • Figure 4.8.23. TT 276. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.8.24. TT 276. The Tekenu.
    • 4.9 type 3B
      • Figure 4.9.1. T 41.
      • Figure 4.9.2. TT 41.
      • Figure 4.9.3. TT 41. The funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.9.4. TT 41. The Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.9.5. TT 41. Deconstruction of the image, Figure 4.9.4, into two elements.Tekenu/chair and naos/sledge
      • Figure 4.9.6. TT 41. Deconstruction of the image, Figure 4.9.4, into four elements, Tekenu, chair, naos and, sledge.
    • 4.10 type 4
      • Figure 4.10.1. TT 11. The Tekenu and text indicated.
    • 4.11 The atypical cases of tt a26, tt 112 and tt 224
      • Figure 4.11.2. TT A 26. Hay’s record of standards.
      • Figure 4.11.3. TT A 26. The procession indicating Manniche’s positioning of the Tekenu.
      • Figure 4.11.4. TT 112.Text.
      • Figure 4.11.5. TT 224. Tomb plan PM I/1, 318.
      • Figure 4.11.6. TT 224.Text.
      • Figure 4.11.1. TT A 26. The procession indicating where PM places the Tekenu.
    • 4.12 Disputed and miscellaneous occurrences of the Tekenu
      • Figure 4.12.1. TT 21. Tomb plan: PM I/1, 30.
      • Figure 4.12.2. TT 21. The figure discussed indicated.
      • Figure 4.12.3. TT 21. The funerary scene.
      • Figure 4.12.4. TT 295. Funerary scene, figures discussed indicated.
      • Figure 4.12.5. TT 295. Figures discussed. ‘Sleeping’ on the left-hand side; ‘awake’ on the right-hand side. Position of text indicated.
      • Figure 4.12.7. TT 295. Text above sem priest.
      • Figure 4.12.6. Sem priest in TT 100.
      • Figure 4.12.8. TT 295. Reproduction of text
      • Figure 4.12.9. Gardiner A 55. Usual determinative for ‘sleep’.
      • Figure 4.12.10. The birth room at Luxor Temple. Amenhotep III following the two sledges.
    • The Birth Room at Luxor Temple
  • Part 2 Evaluating the primary sources
  • Textual references, pictorial representations and context
    • 5.1 Preliminaries
    • 5.2 Textual references to the Tekenu
      • 5.2.1 Textual sources
        • Figure 5.2.1.1. TT 20. Tekenu procession.
        • Figure 5.2.1.2. TT20 Tekenu procession.
        • Figure 5.2.1.3. TT 20. Identified texts numbered 1-4. (reading from right to left)
        • Figure 5.2.1.4. TT 20. Variant text positioning.
        • Figure 5.2.1.5. Text identifying the Tekenu in TT 11.
        • Figure 5.2.1.6. Possible Tekenu in TT 20.
        • Figure 5.2.1.7. Remainder of the Tekenu procession in TT 11.
        • Figure 5.2.1.8. TT 20. Tekenu procession comparable to TT 11.
        • Figure 5.2.1.10. Composite of the Tekenu procession in TT 11 and TT 20 as envisaged by Serrano Delgado.
        • Figure 5.2.1.11. TT 11.Text pertaining to the Tekenu.
        • Figure 5.2.1.9. TT 20.Tekenu procession comparable to TT 11.
        • Figure 5.2.1.12. TT 20. Traces of the phonetic signs for the word tkn.w, the animal hide ideogram, hair, foreleg and heart. A sA srqt before the pit and a Hm-nTr srqt kneeling behind the pit.
      • 5.2.2 Textual references: summary and conclusions
        • Figure 5.2.2.1. Canopic shrine of Tutankhamun with Serket on the left and Isis on the right. XVIII Dynasty. Cairo Museum.
        • Figure 5.2.2.2. Heket administering the key of life to Hatshepsut and her double as they are fashioned by Khnum.After: Naville, Temple of Deir El Bahari, pl. XLVIII. Redrawn by N. V. Maksoud, Kanawati, Tomb and its Significance fig. 6a.
        • Figure 5.2.2.3. Sun rising over Rw.ty, from the tomb of Ani.
      • 5.3.1 Preliminaries
        • Figure 5.3.1.1. TT 53 The Tekenu.
        • Figure 5.3.1.2. TT 53. The Tekenu.
        • Figure 5.3.1.3. TT 147. The Tekenu
      • 5.3.2 The question of human features
        • Figure 5.3.2.1. Tekenu without human features.
        • Figure 5.3.2.2. Tekenu shape with human features similar to those forms without human features.
      • 5.3.3 Covering
        • Figure 5.3.3.1. TT 60. The Tekenu.
        • Figure 5.3.3.2. 4Htbr The Tekenu.
      • 5.3.4 Hand position
        • Figure 5.3.4.1 Tekenu with palms facing upwards.
        • Figure 5.3.4.2 Tekenu with palms facing downwards.
        • Figure 5.3.4.3. TT 20. Tekenu procession showing Tekenu first standing upright, then on a sledge and at the far left standing upright.
        • Figure 5.3.4.4. TT 20 /2. The Tekenu on a sledge with palms facing upwards.
        • Figure 5.3.4.5. Idu palms facing upwards.
        • Figure 5.3.4.6. Idu palms facing downwards.
      • 5.3.5 Eyes
      • 5.3.6 Human Form
      • 5.3.7 pictorial representations: Summary and Conclusions
    • 5.4 The Tekenu in the context of the larger scene
      • 5.4.1 preliminaries
      • 5.4.2 The Tekenu Types 1 and 2
        • Figure 5.4.2.1. Tomb chapel of Ti. Gesture of the extended finger
        • Figure 5.4.2.2. TT 82. Two dancing figures.
        • Figure 5.4.2.3. Attestations of two men facing each other.
        • Figure 5.4.2.4. TT 100, TT125. Possible two facing men.
        • Figure 5.4.2.5. Funerary stela Dynasty 20. Egyptian Museum. Presentation
        • Figure 5.4.2.6. The sarcophagus of 9d-Mwt. The Tekenu positioned under/beside the mummy bier.
      • 5.4.3 The Tekenu types 1 and 2: summary and Conclusions
      • 5.4.4 The Tekenu Type 1C and Type 4
      • 5.4.5 The Tekenu type 3
        • Figure 5.4.5.1. TT 41. Tekenu with the Mww-dancers and gods of the big gates.
        • Figure 5.4.5.2. TT 100 purification of shrines.
        • Figure 5.4.5.3. TT 100 preparing the ground with an adze and the erection of obelisks.
        • Figure 5.4.5.4. TT 96, TT 125, TT 276. Raising of obelisks.
        • Figure 5.4.5.5. TT 96, TT 100, TT 125, TT 276. The Tekenu and censing ceremony.
        • Figure 5.4.5.6. TT 100. Text above torches.
        • Figure 5.4.5.7. TT 100. Lector priest leading funeral cortège.
      • 5.4.6 The Tekenu type 3: summary and Conclusions
  • Special complex scenes: the Tekenu in tt 20 and tt 100
    • 6.1 The Tekenu in tt 20
      • 6.1.1 The Tekenu in the funerary procession
        • Figure 6.1.1.1. TT 20. The funerary procession which occupies the bottom register of the southern wall.
        • Figure 6.1.1.2. TT 20. Rectangular enclosure with ram and djed pillar.
        • Figure 6.1.1.3. TT 20. Rectangular enclosure with ram and djed pillar.
        • Figure 6.1.1.4. Heket administering the key of life to Hatshepsut and her
      • 6.1.2 The Tekenu and funerary ritual
        • Figure 6.1.2.1. TT 20. Tekenu as part of funerary ritual.
        • Figure 6.1.2.2. TT 20. Text above men dragging the Tekenu.
        • Figure 6.1.2.3. TT 20. Upon death the body and Tekenu are separated but
        • Figure 6.1.2.4. TT 20. Different hair length indicated.
        • Figure 6.1.2.5. TT 20. Different hair length indicated.
        • Figure 6.1.2.6. TT 20. Text above Type 4 Tekenu..
        • Figure 6.1.2.7. TT 11. Text and type 4 Tekenu.
        • Figure 6.1.2.8. TT 20. The Tekenu joins the body.
        • Figure 6.1.2.9. TT 20. The three stages. One entity is formed, ensuring the integrity of the burial.
        • Figure 6.1.2.10. TT 20 Possible Tekenu sledge.
        • Figure 6.1.2.11. TT 20 Sledge borne to pit.
        • Figure 6.1.2.12. TT 20 Pit containing sledge.
        • Figure 6.1.2.13. TT 20. Pit containing text and parts of slaughtered bull.
        • Figure 6.1.2.14. TT 20 Nubians as victims.
        • Figure 6.1.2.15. TT 20. Officiants near pit.
        • Figure 6.1.2.16. TT 20 Sections of text and image discussed indicated.
        • Figure 6.1.2.17. TT 20. Man with identifying text. Scene 5 top register, detail Berlin print.
        • Figure 6.1.2.18. TT 20 Fire pit.
        • Figure 6.1.2.19. TT 20. Tribunal text.
        • Figure 6.1.2.20. TT20.Text qs indicated.
        • Figure 6.1.2.21. TT 20. Amongst part of the sledge text x b t.
        • Figure 6.1.2.22. TT 20. Text xpr b t above pit.
      • 6.1.3 Conclusions and suggested journey of the Tekenu in tt 20
        • Figure 6.1.3.1 Suggested journey of the Tekenu in TT 20.
    • 6.2 The Tekenu in TT 100
      • 6.2.1 Preliminaries
      • 6.2.2 The possibility of a Type 1 Tekenu
        • Figure 6.2.2.1. TT 100. Type 1 Tekenu followed by the canopic chest.
        • Figure 6.2.2.2. TT 100.Funerary procession indicating likely position (suggested by author) of Type 1 Tekenu
        • Figure 6.2.2.3. TT 125. Tekenu on sledge.
        • Figure 6.2.2.4. TT 125. Tekenu on table.
      • 6.2.3 Inherent problems in analysis
      • 6.2.4 Interpreting the registers
        • Figure 6.2.4.1. TT 100. Funerary procession.
      • 6.2.5 A possible narrative
        • Figure 6.2.5.1. TT 100. The Tekenu on sledge, void, Tekenu on table.
      • 6.2.6 The three ponds
        • Figure 6.2.6.1. TT 100. The three pools of Khepri Heket and Sokar adjacent
        • Figure 6.2.6.2. TT 15. Three ponds and gods all in xm chapels.
        • Figure 6.2.6.3. TT 81. Three ponds with only gods in xm chapels.
      • 6.2.7 Conclusions and suggested journey of the Tekenu
        • Figure 6.2.7.1. TT 100. The proposed journey of the Tekenu.
  • Part 3 The search for the origins of the Tekenu
  • Cattle culture, early dynastic figures and standards
    • 7.1 Preliminaries
    • 7.2 The Tekenu’s possible association with the bull
      • 7.2.1. Cattle culture in the pre-Pharaonic Period
        • Figure 7.2.1.1. Qurta rock art. Bovid with scratches over neck and head.
        • Figure 7.2.1.2. KDD 85/60-61 Bucranium linking two burials.
        • Figure 7.2.1.3. KDD 85/60-61 All the bucranium after the disassembly of the adult skull.
        • _GoBack
        • Figure 7.2.1.4. Prehistoric bull’s head amulets from the cemeteries of Abadiyeh and Hu.
        • Figure 7.2.1.5. Attestation for kA ‘stier’ (bull) Wb V, 94.7–96.8, 97.1–98.2.
        • Figure 7.2.1.6. Bulls with imitation hands on their horns.
      • 7.2.2 Conclusions
    • 7.3 The Tekenu’s possible association with early dynastic figures
      • 7.3.1 Preliminaries
      • 7.3.2 scorpion macehead
        • Figure 7.3.2.1. Drawing of scenes from the Scorpion Macehead
        • Figure 7.3.2.2. Figure suggested as a possible Tekenu.
      • 7.3.3 Narmer macehead
        • Figure 7.3.3.1. Narmer Macehead. Red square indicating the possible Tekenu.
        • Figure 7.3.3.2. Narmer Macehead. Figure in palanquin suggested as a possible Tekenu.
        • Figure 7.3.3.3. Den label showing Den seated and running.
      • 7.3.4 Ebony label of Djer
        • Figure 7.3.4.1. Ebony label of Djer. Red square indicating the possible Tekenu.
        • Figure 7.3.4.2. Ebony label of Djer showing the figures contended as Tekenu.
      • 7.3.5 Ivory label of Djer from Abydos
        • Figure 7.3.5.1. Ivory label of Djer. Red square indicating possible Tekenu.
        • Figure 7.3.5.2. Ivory label of Djer. figure suggested as a Tekenu.
      • 7.3.6 Sun temple of Niuserre and the palace of King Apries
        • Figure 7.3.6.1. Sun temple of King Nuiserre. Figures that Emery regards as Tekenu indicated in red.
        • Figure 7.3.6.2. Palace of king Apries. What Ogdon labels ‘The three archaic Tekenu’ indicated in red.
      • 7.3.7 Conclusions
    • 7.4 The Tekenu’s possible association with ceremonial standards
      • 7.4.1 The nature of the standards
        • Figure 7.4.1.1. Decorated Ware vessel dated Nagada II C/D, boat with standard indicated.
        • Figure 7.4.1.2. Decorated Ware vessel dated Nagada II C/D, depicting boatwith standard, detail.
        • Figure 7.4.1.3. Standards on early royal monuments.
      • 7.4.2 The ‘bilobed’ emblem
        • Figure 7.4.2.1. Various forms of the ‘bilobed’ emblem on early royal monuments.
        • Figure 7.4.2.2. F52 and 8wAw.
        • Figure 7.4.2.3. Reliefs under the step pyramid. ‘Bilobed’ standard only when Djoser is stationary indicated.
        • Figure 7.4.2.4. Reliefs under the south tomb. ‘Bilobed’ standard only when Djoser is stationary indicated.
        • Figure 7.4.2.5. ‘Bilobed’ emblem with accompanying text.
        • Figure 7.4.2.6. Narmer Palette standard bearers.
        • Figure 7.4.2.7. Standard bearer with identifying text.
        • Figure 7.4.2.8. Harmhabi. Sketch of object 26, 27.
      • 7.4.3 Summary and conclusions
  • Figure 8.1.3. TT 100. The sem priest sitting on lion-legged table. Opening
  • The Tekenu and The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony
    • 8.1 TT 100
      • Figure 8.1.1. TT 100. The Tekenu recumbent on lion-legged table.
      • Figure 8.1.2. TT 100. The sem priest sitting on lion-legged table. Opening of the Mouth scene 9.
    • 8.2 The significance of episodes nine and ten
    • 8.3 Comparing TT 21 and TT 295, a critical assessment
      • Figure 8.3.1. TT 21. The sem priest on lion-legged chair.
      • Figure 8.3.2. TT 295. The sem priest on lion legged-chair. ’Sleeping’ on the
      • Figure 8.3.3. TT 15. Officiant purifying mummy, and the.Holy District.
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      • Figure 8.3.4. TT 21. Officiant purifying mummy and the Holy District.
      • Figure 8.3.5. TT 295. The sem priest on lion-legged chair. ’Sleeping’ on the
      • Figure 8.3.6. TT 295 Text above sem priest.
      • Figure 8.3.7. TT 295. Reproduction of text.
      • Figure 8.3.8. TT 295. Determinative for ‘sleep’.
      • Figure 8.3.9. A 55. Usual determinative for ‘sleep’.
    • 8.4 Conclusions
  • Summary and conclusions
  • Appendix A Tombs containing Tekenu images
  • Appendix B Tekenu Traits
  • Appendix C Chronology of scholars’ views of the function of the Tekenu
  • Appendix D Pictorial context: diagrammatical interpretation
  • Bibliography
  • Back cover

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