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Steinberg, Aliza. Weaving in stones: garments and their accessories in the mosaic art of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity / Aliza Steinberg. — 1 online resource (380 pages) : illustrations (black and white, and colour. — Translated from the Hebrew. — <URL:http://elib.fa.ru/ebsco/2388487.pdf>.

Record create date: 9/30/2019

Subject: Clothing and dress — History; Clothing and dress in art.; Mosaics, Ancient; Mosaics, Ancient

Collections: EBSCO

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Annotation

This book, copiously illustrated throughout, studies the garments and their accessories worn by some 245 figures represented on approximately 41 mosaic floors (some only partially preserved) that once decorated both public and private structures within the historical-geographical area of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity.

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Table of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright page
  • Dedication
  • Contents Page
  • List of figures
  • Acknowledgements
  • Introduction
    • Ancient literary sources
    • Current research status
    • The research literature
  • Men’s clothing: the typological context of dress and costume accessories in the mosaics of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity
  • Part I
  • Chapter 1
  • The tunic (tunica) and its decoration
    • Introduction
    • Tunics of indeterminatet type
    • Tunic embellishment
  • Figure 1. Personification of the months in Room A in the Church of the Lady Mary monastery at Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 2. Personification of May and January in Room A in the Church of the Lady Mary monastery at Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 3. Jonah in the Mahat el-Urdi church mosaic, Beit Guvrin (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 4. The Sacrifice of Isaac, Beit Alpha synagogue (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Talmoryair, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_alfa02.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 6. King David in the Gaza Maiumas synagogue mosaic, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Avishai Teicher). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_synagogue#/media/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG, CC BY 2.5).
    • Figure 7. Bathing of the infant Dionysus, ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (detail from photo credited to Wikipedia user: IIan Sharif). https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 9. Dionysus in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 10. The warrior in the Merot Synagogue mosaic pavement, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Zvi llan. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D)#/media/File:M_011.j
    • Figure 11. Samson and soldiers in the synagogue mosaic at Khirbet Wadi Ḥammam (courtesy of Dr. Uzi Leibner, the Institute of Archaeology in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, photo: Gaby Laron).
    • Figure 12. Samson in the synagogue mosaic at Huqoq (courtesy of Prof. Jodi Magness, photo: Jim Haberman).
    • Figure 13. Mosaic of Orpheus in Zippori, Israel, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Almog https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orpheuszipori.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 14. Roman marble mosaic, from Eastern Roman Empire, near Edessa, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andreas Praefcke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 15. Silenus in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 16. Hippolytus and the hunters in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 17. Rider in the Nile scene in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
    • Figure 18. Hunter pointing a spear at a bear in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
    • Figure 19. Rider in Zippori, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of: Zeev Radovan).
    • Figure 20. Hunter grasping a spear in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive, Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
    • Figure 21. Huntsman on foot fighting off a bear in the Kissufim church mosaic, Kissufim, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Zeev Radovan).
    • Figure 22. Rider plunging his sword into a leopard in the Kissufim church mosaic, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Zeev Radovan).
    • Figure 23. Hunter grasping a horse’s reins in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 24. Man leading tigers in the Kibbutz Erez mosaic, Israel, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of Orly Senior-Niv, Image enhancement: Gall Orian).
    • Figure 25. Exotic animal transportation, Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques,_villa_de_Casale,_Piazza_Armerina,_Sicile,_Italie. jpg (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Use
    • Figure 27. Detail of Dionysus Mosaic in Zippori (photo: Ilan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 28. Scene showing goatherds in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (detail from photo by IIan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 29. The rider, detail from the mosaic border from Caesarea, personifying the fair weather, kalokairia (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 31. Mosaic in Room L at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 7th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 32. Hunter in Room A at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 33. Man stretching both hands toward a bunch of grapes in the mosaic from Caesarea, 6th–7th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Danny Kronenberg and Amos Hadas 2007: A. Hadas, Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Tel Aviv, p.152 [Hebrew]
    • Figure 34. Man raising his arm in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
    • Figure 35. Personification of March in the mosaic at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 36. Personification of September in the mosaic at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 37. Personification of the Zodiac Cancer in the synagogue mosaic at Zippori (photo credited to Wikipedia user:
    • G.Dallorto
    • Figure 38. The wheel of the Zodiac in the Beit Alpha mosaic, 5th century AD (photo credited to Maksim
    • Figure 39. Personification of ‘favorable times’ at Byzantine Tel Malhata, Northern Negev (courtesy of Eldar and Baumgarten; I am grateful to the two archaeologists for allowing me to use the color photo of the mosaic and to Nachson Sneh for requesting the
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_Alpha.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 40. Servant carrying a tray of fish in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 41. Porter climbing a ramp in the synagogue mosaic at Khirbet Wadi Hammam, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Uzi Leibner, The Institute of Archeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, photo: Gaby Laron).
    • Figure 43. Piper in the mosaic in Room L at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg).
    • Figure 44. Piper in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit She’an).
    • Figure 45. Shepherd in the mosaic from Be’er Shemʻa, Israel, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 46. Personifications of the months in the mosaic in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 47. The personifications of the months in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary mosaic, Beit She’an, detail (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 48. Hunter brandishing a club in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 49. Man leading a camel in the church at Kissufim, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Carole Raddato https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Part_of_a_mosaic_floor_from_a_church_depicting_a_man_leading_a_camel_laden_with_amphorae_(wi
    • Figure 50. Man leading a donkey in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 52. Man leading a donkey in the Horbat Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 53. Man leading a giraffe in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 54. Mosaic of a man leading a giraffe, 5th century AD, now in the art Institute of Chicago (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sailko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sailko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_Fragment_with_Man_Lea
    • Figure 56. Grape harvester carrying a basket on his back in the mosaic at Caesarea, 6th–7th centuries AD , photo from Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Amos Hadas, Tel-Aviv 2007, photo courtesy of Danny Kronenberg and the Israel Antiqui
    • Figure 57. Grape harvester in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 5th century AD (photo: Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 59. Vineyard workers in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 5th century AD (photo: Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 62. Boy riding a donkey in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori (photo: Ilan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 63. Diners and servants in the Zippori villa mosaic, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Doron Nissim).
    • Figure 64. Figures playing dice in the Orpheus mosaic, Zippori, Israel, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Pninah Kopel).
    • Figure 65. Two man embracing in the Orpheus mosaic, Zippori, Israel, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Pninah Kopel).
    • Figure 66. Decorative band in the Museo Egizio, inv. 12602, Florence (photo courtesy of Raphael D’Amato).
    • Figure 67. Gift bearers in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Golandomer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DionysusRomanVila.JPG, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 68. Piper in the Horbat Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 69. Vineyard worker in Sede Nahum, 6th century AD (after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah, Pl. CLXXXIX, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987).
    • Figure 70. Scene showing the drunken Dionysus in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (detail from photo: llan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 72. Man leading a camel in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 73. Fresco of servants in the Roman Tomb of Silistra in Bulgaria, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: K. Tanchev (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Tomb_Silistra fresco servant.jpg, CCO 1.0).Drawings of male servants by the aut
    • Figure 75. Fresco from the Thracian tomb of Kazanlak, Bulgaria, portraying servants with tunicae talaris (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Kmrakmra, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak#/media/File:Kazanluk_1.jpg, CC BY – SA 3.0).
    • Figure 76. The lady of Carthage and two maidservants, in the mosaic exhibited in the Bardo Museum (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Pradigue https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category, CC-BY-SA-3.0)
    • Figure 77. The Magi in the St Apollinare Nuovo church in Ravenna, 6th
    • Figure 78. A man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic in Mérida, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Helen Rickard https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_(NAR_M%C3%A9rida)_01.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
    • century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ruge https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_3_Wise_men.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 79. Diptych of Stilicho, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Marsyas https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stilico diptych.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 80. Dark-skinned man riding an elephant in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 81. Hunters in the mosaic at Nahariya (photo credited to Dafna Wolf).
    • Figure 82. Figure extracting a thorn in the mosaic at Nahariya, 6th century AD, (photo credited to Dafna Wolf).
    • Figure 83. Grape-treaders in the burial chapel at El-Hammam and at the Lady Mary monastery, Beit She’an (in Hadas 2007: A. Hadas, Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Tel Aviv, 2007:1, 84, 85, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 84 (above). Detail of Dionysus mosaic at Zippori, with the three grape-treaders, 4th century AD, Fig.28.
    • Figure 85. Hunters, detail in the Orpheus mosaic from Damascus Gate, Jerusalem 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Dr. Yehudah Dagan).
    • Figure 86 (right). Fragments of the sailor pushing Jonah into the water in the Mahat el-Urdi church mosaic, Beit Guvrin (courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
    • Figure 87. The centaur bearing a tray in the mosaic at Zippori (photo credited to pikiwiki user: llan Sharif
    • Figure 88. Silenus, Hercules and satyrs in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo: Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7679, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 89. The Warrior mosaic at Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to pikiwiki user: llan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7681, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 90. Hunter from the mosaic pavement from Nablus (photo by Dr. Yehudah Dagan).
    • Figure 91. Zodiac Wheel Mosaic in the great Synagogue of Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to: G.Dallorto
    • Figure 92. Amazons in the ‘Nile House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to pikiwiki user: llan Sharif CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 93. Personification of the Nile in the ‘Nile House’ with a gray folded pallium over his left arm that drapes down over his feet.
    • Figure 94. A statue of the river Nile in the Chiaramonti Vatican museum (photo credited to user: Fb78 talk https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VaticanMuseums_Statue_of_River_Nile.jpg talk:Fb78).
    • Figure 95. The ‘Leontis House’ mosaic at Beit She’an, now in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem (https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/nilometers-in-the-land-of-israel/ Photo credited to: Dr Ticia Verveer, 3.1.2018).
    • Figure 96. Fabric like the draped toga of the Emperor Tiberius, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia User:Jastrow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga#/media/File:Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg, public domain).
    • Figure 97. The Emperor Nero wear a kerchief called a mafora round his neck.
    • Figure 98. Achilles in remnants of the mosaic from Nablus, 3rd century AD (photo: Dr. Yehudah Dagan).
    • Figure 99. Alexander the Great in the mosaic in the ‘House of the Faun’ at Pompeii (photo credited to wikipedia user: Berthold Werner https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic#/media/File:Battle of Issus mosaic-Museo Archeologico Nazionale-Naples 201
    • Figure 100. Hunting in the Sidonian cave in Beit Guvrin, 3rd century BC (photo credited to Dr. Avishai Teicher via the PikiWiki Israel https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel 51222hunting_in_the_sidonian_cave_in_beit_guvrin.jpg).
    • Figure 101. Hunters in a medallion set in the Arch of Constantine, dated to the years 130–138 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Radomil, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 102. Hunters in the mosaic at a villa in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, 3rd–4th centuries AD (Right: photo credited to user: Jerzystrzelecki https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_06.jpg ,CC BY-SA
    • Figure 103. Hunters in the Conservatori sarcophagus in Rome (photo credited to Wikimedia user: jpg © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro ns.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_with_the_Calydonian_boar_hunt_-_Palazzo_dei_Conservatori_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_201
    • Figure 104. Hunter/putto in the Church of the Apostles at Madaba, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:101, Fig. 83, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 105. Lion hunter on the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Mrsyas https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0)
    • Figure 106. The great hunting mosaic from Apamea, Triclinos building, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user Michel Wal. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Cinquantenaire_Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Chasse_01.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 107. Mosaic floor in the Church of St Lot and St Procopius (after Piccirillo 1992:153, Fig. 202, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 108. Man carrying a bucket in the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian at Jerash, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:278, Fig. 51, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 109. Belt and scabbard worn by the king’s scribe and the bodyguard in the Dura Europos synagogue, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jonund https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 110. Detail from the Throne of Maximilian depicting a scene of Joseph, 6th century AD, Ravenna, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Elenajorgemigueldidier https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slika:Catedra15.JPG, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 111. Vandal cavalryman from the mosaic pavement at Bordj Djedid near Carthage, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Aurélie-33000
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vandal_cavalryman,_c._AD_500,_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • 112 b+c: Caption for tapestry fragments with erotes and birds: Tapestry decorations with erotes, birds and vases from a cushion or cover, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin, inv. 9825; in: Cäcilia Fluck and Klaus Finneiser, Kindheit am Nil. Spielzeug
    • Figure 112. Coptic tunic, Walters Art Museum
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coptic_-_Tunic_-_Walters_83484.jpg (photo credited to Wikipedia user: User:File Upload Bot (Kaldari),Public Domain).
    • Figure 112 d. Caption of a tunic fragment with tapestry decoration: Fragments of a tunic with tapestry decoration, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin, inv. 9825; in: Cäcilia Fluck and Klaus Finneiser, Kindheit am Nil. Spielzeug – Kleidung – Kinderbild
    • Figure 113. Phinehas dressed as a Roman officer and an Egyptian soldier in a mural in the Via Latina catacombs in Rome, 4th century AD (photo after Fr. Ferrua 1991:72, 73, Fig. 43, 142, Fig. 135, Courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Ch
    • Figure 114. Soldiers guarding Christ’s tomb, early 5th-century AD ivory relief (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andreas Praefcke https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reidersche_Tafel_c_400_AD.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 115. Soldiers at the battle of Eben Ezer, synagogue in Dura Europos, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Gillerman slides collection.
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DuraSyn-NB1_Eben-Ezer_2.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 116. Warrior in Al Khadir church, Madaba, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:128, Fig.143, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 117. Buffer-type torc, Reims Museums, France, 4th century BC (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Vassil
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 118. Illustrated manuscript ‘The List of Offices’, 5th century AD, showing military and civilian insignia, copy from the Notitia Dignitatum Orientis, copy from the 15th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Martin Poulter https://commons.wi
    • Figure 119. Pompeii family feast painting, Naples, before 79 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andrew Dalby
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome#/media/File:Pompeii_family_feast_painting_Naples.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 120. Dido and Aeneas reclining at dinner, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Iustinus, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius Romanus /media/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif).
    • Figure 121. An ancient Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti, Pompeii – Image: Pompeii Casa dei Casti Amanti Banquet,1st century BC, photo credited to Wikimedia user: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Pompe
    • Fresco of female figure holding chalice in the Agape Feast, Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, Via Labicana, Rome, 2nd–5th centuries AD.
    • Figure 122. Wine servers and man bearing a jar and a towel in the mosaic from Dougga in the Bardo Museum, Tunis, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Dennis Jarvis https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dougga_Banquet.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 123. The four Tetrarchs in Venice, 3rd century AD (photo courtesy of Mark Hassner).
    • Figure 124. Plate with hunters’ feast, from the Sevso Treasure (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Elekes Andor https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vad%C3%A1szt%C3%A1l_(2).jpg CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 125. Scene of hunters from the Sevso Treasure (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Dencey
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SEUSO_lakom%C3%A1ja.png, CC-BY-SA-4.0).
    • Figure 126. Dice players, Roman fresco from the Osteria della Via di Mercurio (VI 10,1.19, room b) in Pompeii (photo credited to : Wikimedia user: WolfgangRieger, 80 BC–14 AD, Public Domain).
    • Figure 127. Dice players and two observers, Roman fresco from the Osteria della Via di Mercurio (VI 10,1.19, room b) in Pompeii (photo credited to wikimedia user:WolfgangRieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Osteria_della_Via_di_Mercu
    • Figure 128. Abel in the Basilica of San’ Vitale at Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: DRTAMBROSE, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chalice_depicted_at_Ravenna.jpg, CC-BY-SA-4.0).
    • Figure 129. Piping shepherds in the Virgilius Romanus manuscript, folio 44, Vatikan, Biblioteca Apostolica, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Claveyrolas Michel, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg , CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 130. The Good Shepherd with exomis, Catacomb of Priscilla, 2nd half of the 3rd century AD, Rome, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Good_shepherd_01_small.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 131. Vineyard workers mosaic from Santa Constanza, Rome, Italy, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MM https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomaSCostanzaMosaici02.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • (after Piccirillo 1992:157, Fig.206, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 133. Peasant carrying a basket of grapes in the Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius on Mount Nebo, Jordan, 6th century, AD
    • Figure 134. Vineyard worker in the mosaic from Caesarea (Cherchel), Algeria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: JPS68, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinalia#/media/File:Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 135. Vineyard workers at a Roman mosaic in Cherchell, 3rd century AD North Africa (photo credited to Wikipedia user: JPS68 https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchel
    • l.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 136. Sailor dressed in perizoma in the mosaic from Palestrina, final quarter of the 2nd century BC (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Saiko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_con_banchetto_durante_le_feste_per_l%27inondazione_del_nilo
    • Figure 137. Sailors on a boat with perizoma shown on the Nile River, National Museum of Wales, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Wolfgang sauber
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NMW_-_R%C3%B6misches_Mosaik_1.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 138. Fishermen in the ‘Villa of the Nile Mosaic’, Lepcis Magna, Tripoli, National Museum, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Marco Prins
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 139. Man leading a donkey in the Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius, Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:154–155, Fig. 203, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 140. Camel driver and man leading a donkey in the Suwayfiyah Chapel, Amman, 4th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:260, Fig. 456, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 141. Camel driver in the mosaic from the Great Palace in Constantinople, 6th century AD (photo credited to user: Patrickneilhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_Mosaic_Museum_Boys_on_Camel.jpg, CC-BY-SA-3.0).
    • Figure 142. Man leading a donkey and a camel in the mosaic from the Diakonikon on Mount Nebo, Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:135, Fig. 166, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 143. Camel driver and man leading a horse in the upper church of the Monastery of Kaianos, Jordan, mid-6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992:191, Fig. 277, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 144. Builders on Trajan’s Column, 113 AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Cristian Chirita http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Engineering_corps_traian_s_column.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 145. Ilias Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205. P. Inf.,5 th AD, Bibliothecae Ambrosianae Mediolanensis, Fontes Ambrosiani 28, Berne 1953 (photo by permission of Dr Emil Kren ed. Web Gallery of Art, https://www.wga.hu/html_m/zearly/1/2mural/4callist/callist2.h
    • Figure 146. The Sacrifice of Isaac, Dura Europos Synagogue, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Laxguy1955 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacrifice_of_Isaac_at_Dura-Europos.png, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 147. Abraham in the Catacomb of St Callixtus, mid-3rd century AD, Rome (photo credited to Dr Emil Krén, editor, © Web Gallery of Art, created by Emil Krén and Daniel Marx).
    • Figure 148. The Sacrifice of Isaac on murals in the Via Latina catacomb, 4th century (after Ferrua 1991:124, Fig. 113, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • Figure 149 (right). Sacrifice of Isaac, Via Latina catacomb, Rome, 4th century AD (after Ferrua 1991:124, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • Figure 150. Fragment 26v from the Cotton Genesis (British Library, MS Cotton Otho B. VI), 6th century AD, Abraham and Angels. {PD-art} (Photo credited by: dsmdgold https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CottonGenesisFragment26vAbrahamAndAngels.JPG, Publi
    • Figure 151. Mosaic from the Old Testament ‘Sacrifice of Isaac’, Basilica of San Vitale, Italy, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Petar Milošević, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#/media/File:Sacrifice_of_Isaac_mosaic__Basilic
    • Figure 152. The Sacrifice of Melchizedek, 5th-century AD mosaic, Santa Maria Maggiore Rome, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MelchizAbraham.jpg (photo credited to Wikimedia user: User:Dickstracke, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 153. Abraham and Isaac in the wall mosaic in Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro, https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Sacrifices_of_Abel, Melchisedec_and_Abraham_-_
    • Figure 157. King David of Israel, fresco in synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Gillman slide collection.https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:DuraSyn
    • _Centre_sup_David_King.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 158. Dura Europos fresco, King David of Israel, 1st century AD (photo credited to: Marsyas
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DuraSyn_Centre_sup_David_King.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 159. The Missorium of Teodosius, 4th century AD, Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida, Madrid (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Manuel Parada López de Corselas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire#/media/File:Discoo_Mis
    • Figure 160. Emperor Justinian and his retinue in the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to the York Project (2002) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_003.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 161. King David in the Sinope Gospels manuscript from Syria, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dsmdgold https://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/Sinope_Gospels#/mediaFile:SinopeGospelsFolio29rChristHealingBlind.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 162. King David in the Quedlinburg Itala manuscript, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dsmdgold https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg_Itala_fragment , Public Domain).
    • Figure 163. Consular diptych of Probus, 406 AD, Photograph from Ludwig von Sybel, ‘’Christliche Antike’’, vol. 2, Marburg, 1909 (photo credited to
    • Figure 164. The marriage of David and Michal, relief on a silver dish in the Cyprus Museum of Archaeology, Nicosia, 6th century AD (courtesy of Prof. Demetrios Michaelides).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 165. Ambo plate with portrayal of Daniel in the lions’ den, 7th century AD, Novara Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jdsteakley https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lombard_ambo_plate_depicting_Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den_from_Novara,_Ital
    • Figure 166. Daniel in the catacombs of Saints Petrus and Marcellinus in Rome, 4th century AD (after Ferrua 1991:26, Fig. 139, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • Figure 167. Daniel stands raising his hands, En-Nashut Synagogue, 4th–5th centuries AD (courtesy of the Golan Archaeological Museum in Katzrin photo).
    • Figure 168. Fragment of a sarcophagus - Daniel in the lion’s den – 4th century, Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico de Córdoba https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fragment_of_a_sarcophagus_-_Daniel_in_the_lion%27s_den_-_4th_cent._-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico
    • Figure 169. Daniel in the lions’ den, a tomb with a biblical scene in the Western Galilee near Kibbutz Lohamei HaGetaot, 4th–5th centuries AD (courtesy of Gideon Foerster 1986: “Painted Christian Burial Cave near Kibbutz Lohamei HaGetaot,” in M. Yedaya
    • Figure 170. Daniel in the lions’ den, detail from the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: G.Dallorto https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1059_-oma,_Museo_d._civilt%C3%A0_Romana_-_Calco_sarcofago_Giunio_Bass
    • Figure 171. Pyxis with Daniel, 5th century AD (photo credited to: Johnbod, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BM_rm_41_,DSCF9195_Pyxis_with_Daniel.JPG, CC 3.0).
    • Figure 172. Belt pendant representing ‘Daniel in the lions’ den’, dated to the 4th–5th centuries AD, (photo credit to Wikimedia Commons commons user: pierre-yves beaudouin / Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den
    • Figure 173. Jonah being lowered into the sea in the midst of the storm as a sacrifice to save those aboard the ship, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonah_thrown_into_the_Sea.jpg, P
    • Figure 174. Jonah on a sarcophagus in the Church of Maria Antiqua, Rome, 3rd century AD (photo in courtesy of Steven Zucker).
    • Figure 175. Marble statue of Jonah clothed in a thin garment, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Daderot https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jonah_Under_the_Gourd_Vine,_280-290_AD,_Late_Roman,_Asia_Minor,_marble_-_Cleveland_Museum_,CC0
    • Figure 177. Jonah Mosaic in Aquileia, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Saiko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aquileia,_storia_di_giona,_pavimento_della_basilica,_1a_met%C3%A0_del_IV_secolo.jpg, 4th century AD, Public Domain).
    • Figure 178. Icon of Saint Menas and Christ, 6th century AD, currently displayed in the Louvre (photo credited to Wikipedia user: clio20 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27abb%C3%A9_M%C3%A9na_et_le_Christ_01.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 179. Icon of Saint Menas, from Alexandria (photo credited to Wikimedia user: sailko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tavoletta_paleocristiana_con_san_mena,_da_alessandria_d%27egitto.JPG, CC 3.0).
    • Figure 180. Pilgrim flask with St Menas between two camels, 4th–6th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Jastrow, Marie-Lan Nguyen https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jastrow, Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC-BY 2.5).
    • Figure 181. Figure in the orans posture in the Church of Saint George at Khirbet el Mukkhayyat, Jordan (after Piccirillo 1992:178, 179, Fig. 247, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 182. Helios in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the ‘Handy Tables’ of Ptolemy, 3rd century AD ? (photo credited to wikiedia Creating User:Tonychakar, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helios
    • Figure 183. Representation of Christ as the sun-god Helios, Sol Invictus riding in his chariot, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z
    • Figure 184 (above). Ancient Roman mosaic (c. 250 AD) found in the ruins of the Roman villa of Münster-Sarmsheim (Bad Kreuznach), now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn, Germany. The mosaic was part of the floor of the entrance hall of the villa and d
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChristAsSol.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 185. Orbe-Boscéaz, mosaïques romaines, (photo credited to wikimedia user: Leemburg-CHhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orbe-Bosceaz_(3).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 186. Villa Selene, mosaic of the four seasons and Helios, 4th century AD (photo by: Marco Prins) https://www.livius.org/pictures/libya/silin-villa-selene/villa-selene-mosaic-of-the-four-seasons-helios/, CC0 1.0 Universal).
    • Figure 187. Heracles wrestling with a lion in a section of an illustrated poem written on papyrus, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Denniss https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Denniss, Public Domain).
    • Figure 188. Hercules in a copy of marble sculpture found in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Paul Stevenson
    • Figure 189. The madness of Heracles, Villa Torre de Palma, Portugal, 3rd–4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sailko
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hercules_Farnese
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_con_ercole_furioso,_III-IV_secolo,_da_torre_de_palma,_monforte,_portalegre.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Djkeddie,Public Domain)
    • Figure 190. Hercules and Dionysus in the House of the Drinking Contest, House’ mosaic in Antioch, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: User:Djkeddie, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Djkeddie, Public Domain).
    • Figure 191. Hercules and Dionysus in the ‘Drinking Competition House’ mosaic in Antioch, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Djkeddie,
    • Figure 192. Hippolytus and Phaedra in the mosaic from Nea Paphos, 3rd century AD (photo credited to User: Rstehn,
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:RStehn, cc-by-sa-2.0).
    • Figure 193. Hippolytus and Phaedra. Front of a marble sarcophagus, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippolytus_Phaedra_Louvre_Ma_2294.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 194. Hippolyus and Phaedra from Daphne, Harbiye, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dosseman https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Four_seasons_mosaic_6544.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, Public Domain).
    • Figure 195. Mosaic of Hippolytus at Madaba in Jordan, mid-6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 54, 55, Fig. 6, Courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 196. Silenus holding a lyre, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, 1st century BC (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yann Forget https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fresque_des_myt%C3%A8res,_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 197. Silenus Dionysus and the Pirates, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dyolf77
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg,Public Domain).
    • credited to Wikipedia user: User talk:Lily https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lily,Public Domain).
    • Figure 198. Silenus Riding a Camel, Musée Archéologique d’El Jem (photo
    • Figure 199. The birth of Dionysus, mosaic in Paphos, 4rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacopo Werther) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_Dionysos_House_of_Aion_-_Paphos Archaeological_Park.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
    • Figure 200. Fragment with Satyr and Maenad, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: madreiling) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt,_Byzantine_period,_4th_century_-_Fragment_with_Satyr_and_Maenad_-_1975.6_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif,
    • Figure 201. Bacchus and his cortege, in the mosaic of El Jem (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Lily), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Jem_Museum_(11).JPG, Public Domain).
    • Figure 202. Mosaic represent the triumph of Baccus, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wildbeard).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_%22El_Triunfo_de_Baco%22_de_la_villa_romana_de_Fuente_Alamo.jpg, CC BY-4.0)
    • Figure 203. The Wedding of Dionysus and Ariadne in the mosaic pavement from a villa at Zeugma, 2nd century AD (photo in courtesy of Dr.M.Onal taken by Sertaç Ltd. Şti and sponsored by Sanko).
    • Figure 204. Triumph of Dionysos mosaic, Zeugma, 2nd century AD (photo in courtesy of Mehmet Önal and A Turizm Yayınlar (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Klaus-Peter Simon https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeugma Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Public Domain).
    • Figure 205. Mosaic in the House of Dionysos in Paphos, Cyprus, end of the 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Shonagon https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dyonysos.jpg,
    • Figure 206. Bachhus and Ariadna, Sabratha Museum
    • Mosaic (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Franzfoto)
    • Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit,_Mosaik_05.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sabratha
    • Figure 207. Centaur mosaic in Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli, 120–130 AD (Google art project) (photo credited to Wikipedia user: SwHAQhNGz6l7_Q at G ADoogle Cultural Institute https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouche
    • Figure 208. Central panel above the Torah niche in Dura Europos Synagogue 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacek555, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DuraSyn-W2-Blessings_and_great_vine.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 209. A statue of Orpheus from Byzantium, now in the İstanbul Archaeological Museum. (photo credited to Wikipedia user: QuartierLatin1968) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orpheus_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.5).
    • Figure 210. Orpheus as a prefiguration of Christ, Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, Rome, 2nd–5th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrpheusMarcellinus.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 211. Great Cameo of France, Roman artwork, second quarter of the 1st century AD (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Janmad) dM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 212. Orpheus in the mosaic of Cagliari, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Robur.q
    • Figure 213. Orpheus mosaic at Dominicans Museum, found at villa D, near Rottweil, Germany, dated to the end of the 2nd century AD, (photo credited to Wikipedia user: ManiacParisian) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orpheus2.jpg, Public Domain).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 214. Orpheus mosaic from ‘Casa de Orfeo’, Zaragoza, 3rd century AD (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacopo Werther) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_de_Orfeo_(fragmento)_-_Museo_de_Zaragoza.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
    • _Expo_temporaire_Colis%C3%A9e).JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Figure 215. Achilles in the mosaic from the ‘Uboni House’, Pompeii (photo credited to Wikipedia user: PericlesofAthens https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros#/media/File:Achille_a_Sciro2.JPG, Public Domain).
    • Figure 217. Achilles’ surrender of Briseis. Fresco (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achilles_Briseis_MAN_Napoli_Inv9105_n01.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 219. Mosaic floor depicting the unmasking of Achilles by Odysseus on the island of Skyros, 4th century AD, Kourion, Cyprus (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Donald Trung
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_floor_depicting_the_unmasking_of_Achilles_by_Odysseus_on_the_island_of_Skyros,_4th_century_AD,_Kourion,_Cyprus_(24434150012).jpg, CC By-2.0).
    • Seasons (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Pharoshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysos_and_the_Seasons_MET_DP138717.jpg, CC0 1.0).
    • Figure 220. Marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos and the
    • Figure 221. The Four Seasons Mosaic, House of Bacchus, Complutum Madrid (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Error https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ComplutumEstaciones.jpg, CC BY-3.0).
    • Figure 222. A mosaic showing the figures of the four seasons, from Palencia, Spain, made between 167 and 200 AD.(photo credited to Wikipedia user: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - January (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 225. Dominus Julius mosaic, Bardo National Museum, 4th–5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Boyd Dwyer https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dominus_Julius_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum (12240864473).jpg, CC BY-SA 2.0).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 226. Personification of the month of July in traces of the mosaic from Carthage displayed in the British Museum, London (photo credited to: Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_African_mosaics,_British_Museum_1
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 227. Personification of the Nile. R: Nilus, with crocodile beside him, reclining left, holding reed and cornucopia (courtesy of CNG. https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-nilometer.300607).
    • Figure 228. Marble statuette of a personification of the Nile recovered from the sea at Acre (photo credited to: Alon Steinberg).
    • Figure 229. Mosaic of the Nile, Tripoli (photo: G. Lopez Monteagudo. Photo taken from Representaciones de Mujeres en Los Mosaicos Romanos, courtesy of: Luz Neira, Spain 2011).
    • Figure 230. Mosaic of the god Oceanus Petra, Jordan (Photo credited to wikipedia user: Gilles Mairet,
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ok%C3%A9anos-Mosaique-Petra-Jordanie.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 231. The mosaic from Caesarea personifying the fair weather, kalokairia (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 232. Ladies in the Kissufim church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 233. Semasia, the female portent of the Nile floods displayed in the ‘Nile House’ at Zippori (photo: Zeev Radovan).
    • Figure 234. Tyche, the city goddess of Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yuvalif
    • Figure 235. Theodosia and Georgia in the Orpheus mosaic from the Damascus Gate burial chapel (photo: Dr. Yehudah Dagan).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_bet_shean.JPG, Public Domain).
    • Figure 236. Tyche, in the decorative border of the Orpheus mosaic from Damascus Gate in Jerusalem (photo: Dr. Yehudah Dagan).
    • Figure 237. Woman nursing in St Stephen’s Church at Horbat Be’er Shemʻa, 6th century AD (photo credited to Nachson Sneh).
    • Figure 238. Dionysus’s education in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori (detail from photo credited to IIan Sharif. https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 239. The wedding of Dionysus, detail from Zippori mosaic (photo credited to Wikipedia user: YiFeiBot, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Dionysus_Mosaic_depicting_scenes_from_the_life_of_Dionysus;_the_wedding_of_Dionysus_with_Ari
    • Figure 240. The season of Tishrei (Autumn) in the Na’aran synagogue(after Sukenik 1932:34, Pl. 5b).
    • Figure 241. Gift bearers’ procession in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (detail from photo credited to Carole Raddato, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dionysus_Mosaic_depicting_scenes_from_the_life_of_Dionysus, Sepphoris,_Isra
    • Figure 242. Nilotic Panel from Dionysus Mosaic in Zippori (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Geagea, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tzippori (3422679895).jpg, CC-BY 2.0).
    • Figure 243. Personification of the month of Tevet, zodiac wheel in synagogue at Zippori, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Bukvoed https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsipori-2-314.jpg?uselang=ru, CC BY 3.0).
    • Figure 244. The seasons of the year, Hammat Tiberias. Personification of: a. Autumn, b. Summer, Hammath Tiberias, 4th century AD (after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah Pl. CLXXXII, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987.b. Credit to user: Bukvoed https:
    • Figure 245. Personification of the Seasons, mosaic in Zippori Synagogue (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Bukvoed, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsipori-2-317.jpg, CC-BY 3.0).
    • Figure 246. Phaedra in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 247. Personification of the land in St. George’s Church, Jordan. (after Piccirillo 1993:179, Fig. 251, courtesy of SBF). Detail from Photo: Ilan Sharif.
    • Figure 248. The Goddess of the Land and the seasons of the year in the mosaic at Beit Guvrin, 2nd–3rd centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
    • Figure 249. Dancing Amazons in the Nile House, Sepphoris (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ovedc, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sepphoris_ovedc_8.jpg, CC-BY 3.0)
    • Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
    • Figure 250. Personification of the Nile, ‘Nile House’ at Zippori (photo: Zeev Radovan).
    • Figure 251. Personification of the Goddess of the Land in a Roman mosaic from Mount Zion (photo credited to Dr. Yehuda Dagan).
    • Figure 252. A maenad and a satyr in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Figure 253. Nursing Madonna in a mural in the catacomb of Priscilla in Rome, 3rd century AD (Ferrua 1991:22, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • Figure 254. Nursing Madonna in a mural in the catacomb of Priscilla, 3rd century AD (Ferrua 1991:23, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • Figure 255. Icon of Mary, Christ and saints from Sinai, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: McLeod https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary%26 Child Icon_Sinai 6th century.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 256. Isis nursing Harpocrates, fresco from house in Karanis, 4th century AD (photo credited to user: A. Parrot, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, through Wikipedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KM4.2990 isis.gif, Public Domain).
    • Figure 257. Nursing woman, the Great Palace, Istanbul (photo credited to: Helen Milles, helenmilesmosaics@gmail.c).
    • Figure 258. Sarcophagus of Julius Bassus, Adam and Eve (detail) (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MiguelHermoso, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copia_del_sarc%C3%B3fago_de_Junio_Basso_02.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Israel Museum, Jerusalem (photo credit to: Alon Steinberg).
    • Figure 259. Marble medallion depicting Tyche, Khirbat Tinshemet, now in the
    • Figure 260. Bronze statue of Tyche from Antioch, 3rd century (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Sailko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sailko, CC-BY- SA 3.O).
    • Figure 261. Tyche, fully clothed, holding scepter in extended right hand and cradling cornucopia, seated left on throne supported by tritoness, holding scepter in extended right hand and cornucopia in left, 2nd century (courtesy of CNG website: http://ww
    • Figure 262. Personifications of the cities of Rome, Gregoria and Madaba in the ‘Hall of Hippolytus’ in Jordan, early 6th century (after Piccirillo 1992:57, 66, courtesy of SBF).
    • Figure 263. Dionysian scene on a silver plate, 4th century, originally from the East (photo credited to Wikimedia user: BabelStone, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British Museum ildenhall Bacchic Dish A.jpg, CC0 1.0).
    • Figure 264. Tyche, a wall painting from Hippos-Sussita 3rd–4th centuries (photo credited to Dr. Michael Eisenberg).
    • Figure 265. Maenad from Hippos-Sussita (photo credited to Dr. Michael Eisenberg).
    • Figure 266. Menade (maenad) in silk dress, a Roman fresco from the Casa del Naviglio in Pompeii, 1st century AD, Naples National Museum (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Alonso de Mendoza, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9nade_danzante,_Cas
    • Figure 267. Amazon from the ‘House of Orpheus’ at Paphos (photo credited to Prof. Demetrios Michaelides 1992:19, Fig. 5).
    • Daphne of Antioch on the Orontes (modern Antakya in southern
    • Figure 268. Amazon warrior armed with a labrys, Roman mosaic (marble and limestone), second half of the 4th century AD, from
    • Figure 269. Amazon mosaic from Apamea in 2002 (photo credited to Wikipedia user: COHBot
    • Turkey (photo credited to wikipedia user: Jastrow
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:APAMEA_Museo_-_Mosaico_con_emblema_di_amazzone_-_GAR_-_6-042.jpg, CC BY-4.0).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg, CC BY-2.0).
    • Escena_b%C3%A1quica.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Figure 270. Mosaic with Bacchanalian scene, National Museum of Roman Art in Merida, Spain (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Xosema,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9rida_-
    • _Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano_-_06_-
    • Figure 271. Dionysos and Ariadne, now in the archaeological Museum in Chania, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Xenophon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AMC_-_Mosaik_2.jpg, CC BY-3.0).
    • Figure 272. The four seasons of the year in the mosaic from Ras-Boutria at Acholla, Tunis, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dennis Jarvis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Four_Seasons,_Roman_mosaic.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.0).
    • Figure 273. The Four Seasons Mosaic in Villa Zliten, Dar Buc Ammera, Libya, 2nd century AD, (photo credited to Livius.org user: Rene Voorburg,
    • https://vici.org/image.php?id=1987, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 274. Personification of the month of Nissan in the Na’aran Synagogue, 6th century AD (photo after Sukenik 1932:76, Pl. 5a).
    • Figure 275. Personification of the Seasons, Via Appia Nouva, Rome (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MiguelHermoso, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_Palazzo_Massimo_27.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Figure 276. Personification of Summer, mosaic in Carmona, Spain, 2nd century AD (detail from a photo credited to Wikipedia user: José Luis Filpo Cabana https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_de_las_EstacionesCarmona_Sevilla).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 277. Joseph and the wife of Potiphar, Vienna, Austria, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia User File Upload Bot (Eloquence), The Yorck Project (2002). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meister der Wiener Genesis 001.jpg, CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 278. Personification of the Land in a mural from the Via Latina catacomb, Rome, early 4th century AD (CCO 1.0).
    • Figure 279. Semasia on coin (courtesy of CNG Classical Numismatic Group website: Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com).
    • Figure 280. Personification of Egypt on a silver coin (courtesy of CNG, Classical Numismatic Group website: Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com).
    • 281. Virgo in the Na’aran synagogue, 6th century AD (after Sukenik 1932:34, Pl. 3b).
    • Figure 282. Personification of the zodiac signs Virgo and Libra at Hammat Tiberias, 4th century AD (photo after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah Pl. CLXXXII, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987).
    • Figure 283. Anicia Juliana, Vienna Dioscorides, Folio 6, Constantinople, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Anthémios de Tralles,
    • Figure 284. Annunciation on the triumphal arch of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Seudo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annunciation_on_the_triumphal_arch_of_santa_maria_maggiore_in_rome_(cropped).p
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dioscorides Vienna f6b.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Figure 285. Dura Europos fresco showing Moses found in the river, dated to 244 AD, (photo credited to Wikipedia user: David Levy https://en.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s daughter (Exodus)#/media/File:Dura Europos fresco Moses from river.jpg , Public Doma
    • Figure 286. The Virgin from the Church of Santa Francesca Romana, Rome, 7th–8th centuries (courtesy of Santa Francesca Romana, Rome, https://www.romaexperience.com/rome-blog/goddesses-and-female-saints-basilica-of-santa-francesca-romana-rome).
    • Figure 287. Youths in the Zippori synagogue mosaic, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Nis101,
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99 2.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 288. Harbinger of the Nile’s tide, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Deltafunction
    • Figure 289. Boy pushing a rock partridge into an open cage in the mosaic in the church on Katznelson Hill, Nahariya (photo: Dafna Wolf).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tzippori_Nile_mosaic_July2009.JPG, CC BY-SA 1.0).
    • Figure 290. Soldiers on Trajan’s Column, Plate number XXXII (photo from Conrad Cichorius: “Die Reliefs der Traianssäule”, Erster Tafelband: “Die Reliefs des Ersten Dakischen Krieges”, Tafeln 1-57, Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin 1896, 2nd century AD. http
    • Figure 291. Fertility goddess holding four swaddled babies (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgang Sauber, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptothek_-_Fruchtbarkeitsg%C3%B6ttin.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 292. Mother breast-feeding a baby in the presence of the father, detail from the sarcophagus of Marcus Cornelius Statius, 150 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophagus Marcus Cornelius Statius
    • Figure 293. Wet nurse Severina with swaddled baby (photo courtesy of Ursula Rothe), Der Grabstein der Severina Nutrix aus Köln: eine neue Deutung, Germania, 89, 191–214.
    • Figure 293a. Seated woman leaving her newborn child to a nurse, funerary stele marble, made in Athens, ca. 425–400 BC. From Athens (photo credited to User:Jastrow), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jastrow ,public domain).
    • Figure 294. The Massacre in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, 5th century AD (photo credited to user: MM https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleSxRegistro3.jpg CC -S A- 3.0).
    • Figure 295. Children playing ball games, Roman marble, 2nd century AD (photo credit to Wikimedia user: Jastrow
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99n2.jpg, CC BY 3.0).
    • Figure 296. Children playing at chariot racing, Villa Romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Lidine Mia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Romana_del_Casale-vestibule_du_petit_cirque-7.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 297. The Child Hunters, Villa Romana del Casale, early 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jbribeiro1, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cubicle_of_the_Child_Hunters_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_(2).JPG, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 299. Children’s games, The Great Palace Mosaic, Istanbul 1997, Turkey, 49–51: Figs. a, b (courtesy of Werner Jobst, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture, Vienna, Austria).
    • British_Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 300. Spinario, British Museum, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yair-Haklai
    • Figure 301. Boy extracting a thorn, bronze sculpture dating to the 2nd century, displayed in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sixtus, http://m.wikizero.biz/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi5tLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9GaWxlOkxvX1N
    • https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Spinario-
    • Figure 302. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, cast in Rome, early 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Tetraktys. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus_-_Cast_in_Rome.jpg, CCO).
    • Figure 303. The Sacrifice of Isaac on a capital in the Church of San Pedro de la Nave in Zamora, 5th–7th centuries (photo credited to Wikipedia user: YeRa~commonswiki
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_de_la_Nave#/media/File:San_Pedro_de_la_Nave_capitel.JPG, Public Domain).
    • Figure 304. Esther displayed as Tyche, Dura Europos 3rd century AD (detail from photo credited to Wikipedia user: Richard Arthur Norton
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duraeuropa-1-.gif, Public Domain).
    • Figure 305. Female figure of the dionysaic mosaic at Sepphoris, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Geagea, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_%22Mona_Lisa_of_the_Galilee%22_(possibly_Venus),_part_of_the_Dionysus_mosaic_floor_in_Sep
    • Figure 306. Gemma Augustea, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: AndreasPraefcke, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemma_Augustea_KHM_2010.jpg, public domain).
    • Figure 307. Soldiers in the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikimedia user: Jbribeiro1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinian_I_-_San_Vitale_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg,user: Jbribeiro1 CC-BY
    • Figure 308. Ladies of the court in the mosaic of Theodora and her entourage at Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikipedia user: Petar Milošević
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic of Theodora-Basilica San Vitale ( Ravenna,_Italy).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Figure 309. Tondo showing the family of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, ca. 200 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Soerfm,
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Septimusseverustondo.jpg (public domain).
    • Figure 311. Grave Stele with women with hairnet and jewelry (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Hian,
    • Figure 312. Female figure with gathered hair on a wall fresco from a pagan burial cave at Or Haner, 3rd century AD, now in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (photo credited to Shlomo Steinberg).
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_St%C3%A8le_d%27H%C3%A8g%C3%A8s%C3%B4.jpg, CC-BY 2.0).
    • Figure 313. Fragments of a golden hairnet displayed in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museum, 1st century AD, Rome (photo credited to wikipedia user: Butko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hairnet made of finely woven gold wires, 1stcenturyAD, Pal
    • Figure 315. Procession of virgins in a wall mosaic in the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikipedia user: Chetstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo#/media/File:Sant_Apollina
    • Figure 316. Elijah and the widow of Zarepheth, Dura Europos synagogue, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ddimplegurl90,
    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elijah_and_widow_of_zarepheth.jpeg, public domain).
    • Figure 317. Avar-Slav belt (reconstruction), ca. 560–800 AD (Photo credited to livius.org user: Jona Lendering,
    • https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/other-pictures/avar-slav-belt-reconstruction/, CCO 1.0 Universal).
    • Figure 317b. MISSING CAPTION
    • Figure 318. Mosaic showing bathing sandals, from Sabratha, Libya, with the motto ‘A bath is good for you’, no date (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Hakeem.gadi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public bath sign -_Sabratha_(cropped).jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 319. Shoes
    • a.Calceus (photo credited to Wikimedia User:agnetehttps://commons.Wikimedia.Org/wiki/user:agnete, Public Domain).
    • Figure 320. Caliga ( A reproduction of a Roman caliga,photo credited to wikimedia user:MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Figure 320a. Buskin shoes, photo credited towikipedia user: Scott Foresman https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buskin_(PSF).jpg, archives of Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation.
  • Chapter 2
  • The exomis
  • Chapter 3
  • Garments worn on the lower torso
    • Skirts/kilts
    • Trousers and puttees
    • The perizoma
  • Chapter 4
  • Garments made of animal skin: nebris
  • Chapter 5
  • Overgarments
    • The chlamys
    • The sagum
    • The pallium
    • The paludamentum
    • The cucullus
    • The paenula
    • Neck kerchiefs
    • Decorative elements on overgarments
    • Summary
    • Veils
  • Men’s clothing: the iconographic context
  • Part II
  • Chapter 6
  • Huntsmen
  • Chapter 7
  • Soldiers
  • Chapter 8
  • Diners and servants
    • Pipers and shepherds
  • Chapter 9
  • Laborers: pipers and shepherds, vintners, fishermen and sailors, herders, builders and horsemen
    • Vintners
    • Fishermen and sailors
    • Animal handlers
    • Builders and carpenters
    • Horsemen
    • Abraham
  • Chapter 10
  • Clothing worn by biblical figures in synagogue mosaics in Eretz Israel
    • Samson
    • King David
    • Daniel
    • Figures in the synagogue at Huqoq
    • The prophet Jonah
  • Chapter 11
  • Clothing worn by figures in church mosaics in Eretz Israel
    • Saint Menas (?)
  • Chapter 12
  • Clothing worn by mythological figures
    • The Sun god
    • Hercules
    • Hippolytus
    • Satyrs
    • Dionysus
    • Centaurs
    • Orpheus
    • Achilles
  • Chapter 13
  • Personifications
    • Personifications of the seasons of the year
    • Personification of the months of the year
    • Personification of the month of January
    • Personification of the month of February
    • Personification of the month of April
    • Personification of the month of March
    • Personification of the month of May
    • Personification of the month of June
    • Personification of the month of July
    • Personification of the month of August
    • Personification of the month of September
    • Personification of the month of October
    • Personification of the month of November
    • Personification of the month of December
    • A personification of ‘favorable times’
    • Personification of the Nile
    • Summary
  • Part III
  • Women’s clothing: the typological context
  • Chapter 14
  • Women’s clothing as reflected in ancient sources
  • Chapter 15
  • Tunics
    • Tunics with long, close-fitting sleeves
    • Sleeveless tunics or tunics with sleeves
    • Long sleeveless tunics
    • Sleeveless tunics whose lower sections are concealed
    • The dalmatica
    • Tunic decorations
    • Chiton
    • Peplos
  • Chapter 16
  • Garments in Greek style
  • Chapter 17
  • Items of clothing covering the lower torso
    • Summary
    • Trousers
  • Chapter 18
  • Overgarments
    • Himation
    • Palla
    • Paenula/cucullus
    • Pallium
  • Part IV
  • Women’s clothing: the iconographic context
  • Chapter 19
  • Nursing women
  • Chapter 20
  • Mythological figures and their garments
    • Phaedra
    • Phaedra’s nursemaid
    • Tyche
    • Maenads
    • Amazons
    • Ariadne
  • Chapter 21
  • Personifications
    • The seasons of the year
    • Winter
    • Spring
    • Summer
    • Autumn
    • Personifications of fair weather
    • Personifications of Earth or the Land
    • Personifications of Egypt
    • Personifications of Semasia, the ‘sign giver’
    • The Moon goddess
    • Virgo
    • The female figures from Damascus gate and Kissufim
    • Summary
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths: the typological context
  • Part V
  • Chapter 22
  • Children’s tunics
    • Tunica manicata
    • Colobium
    • Tunic decorations
  • Chapter 23
  • Garments worn over the lower torso
    • Perizoma
    • Skirt
    • Neck scarf
  • Chapter 24
  • Garments worn over the upper torso
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths: the iconographic context
  • Part VI
  • Chapter 25
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths
    • Babies’ clothing
    • Items of clothing worn by children playing with birds and animals or hunting birds
    • The Spinario, the thorn extractor
    • Isaac’s clothing
    • Clothing worn by donkey drivers
    • Summary
  • Clothing accessories
  • Part VII
  • Jewelry
    • Fasteners
    • Head ornaments
    • Neck ornaments
    • Earrings
    • Arm and leg ornaments
    • Summary
  • Chapter 26
  • Head and neck coverings
    • Hairnets
    • The cap/Phrygian cap
    • Pillbox and Petasus-type hats
    • Women’s wide-brimmed hats that concealed the hair
    • The palla
    • Women’s veils/scarves
    • Neck scarves
    • Summary
  • Chapter 27
  • Belts
  • Chapter 28
  • Shoes
  • Chapter 29
  • General summary
    • 1. Items of Clothing
  • Glossary
    • 2. Ornaments and Jewelry (Author’s typology)
  • Appendix
    • Catalogue of the mosaics and comparable works
  • Abbreviations
    • Ancient Literary Sources
  • Bibliography
    • References
  • Index
  • Back cover
  • Contents
  • List of figures
  • Acknowledgements
  • Introduction
    • Current research status
    • Ancient literary sources
    • The research literature
  • Part I
  • Men’s clothing: the typological context of dress and costume accessories in the mosaics of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity
  • Chapter 1
  • The tunic (tunica) and its decoration
    • Introduction
      • Figure 1. Personification of the months in Room A in the Church of the Lady Mary monastery at Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 2. Personification of May and January in Room A in the Church of the Lady Mary monastery at Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 3. Jonah in the Mahat el-Urdi church mosaic, Beit Guvrin (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 5. The Orpheus mosaic in the Damascus Gate Burial Chapel, Jerusalem, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of Dr Yehudah Dagan).
      • Figure 4. The Sacrifice of Isaac, Beit Alpha synagogue (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Talmoryair, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Beit_alfa02.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 6. King David in the Gaza Maiumas synagogue mosaic, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Avishai Teicher). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_synagogue#/media/File: PikiWiki_Israel_14995_Mosaic_of_David_playing_the_harp.JPG, CC BY 2.5
      • Figure 7. Bathing of the infant Dionysus, ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (detail from photo credited to Wikipedia user: IIan Sharif). https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 9. Dionysus in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 8. The Sun God in the Hammat Tiberias synagogue, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Bukvoed https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hamat-Tiberias-132.jpg).
      • Figure 10. The warrior in the Merot Synagogue mosaic pavement, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Zvi llan. https: //he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D)#/media/File: M_01
      • Figure 11. Samson and soldiers in the synagogue mosaic at Khirbet Wadi Ḥammam (courtesy of Dr Uzi Leibner, the Institute of Archaeology in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, photo: Gaby Laron).
      • Figure 12. Samson in the synagogue mosaic at Huqoq (courtesy of Prof. Jodi Magness, photo: Jim Haberman).
      • Figure 13. Mosaic of Orpheus in Zippori, Israel, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Almog https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Orpheuszipori.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 14. Roman marble mosaic, from Eastern Roman Empire, near Edessa, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andreas Praefcke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 15. Silenus in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 16. Hippolytus and the hunters in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 17. Rider in the Nile scene in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
      • Figure 18. Hunter pointing a spear at a bear in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
      • Figure 19. Rider in Zippori, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of: Zeev Radovan).
      • Figure 20. Hunter grasping a spear in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive, Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
      • Figure 21. Huntsman on foot fighting off a bear in the Kissufim church mosaic, Kissufim, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Zeev Radovan).
      • Figure 22. Rider plunging his sword into a leopard in the Kissufim church mosaic, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Zeev Radovan).
      • Figure 23. Hunter grasping a horse’s reins in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 24. Man leading tigers in the Kibbutz Erez mosaic, Israel, 5th century AD (photo courtesy of Orly Senior-Niv, Image enhancement: Gall Orian).
      • Figure 26. Galloping rider in the mosaic at Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
      • Figure 25. Exotic animal transportation, Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques,_villa_de_Casale,_Piazza_Armerina,_Sicile,_Italie. jpg (photo credited to Wikimedia user: U
      • Figure 28. Scene showing goatherds in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (detail from photo by Ilan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 27. Detail of Dionysus Mosaic in Zippori (photo: Ilan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 29. The rider, detail from the mosaic border from Caesarea, personifying the fair weather, kalokairia (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 31. Mosaic in Room L at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 30. Hunter spearing a lioness in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo: Shlomo Steinberg).
      • Figure 32. Hunter in Room A at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 33. Man stretching both hands toward a bunch of grapes in the mosaic from Caesarea, 6th–7th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Danny Kronenberg and Amos Hadas 2007: A. Hadas, Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Tel Aviv, p.152 [Hebrew
      • Figure 34. Man raising his arm in the mosaic at El-Marakesh, Beit Guvrin, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
      • Figure 35. Personification of March in the mosaic at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 36. Personification of September in the mosaic at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 37. Personification of the Zodiac Cancer in the synagogue mosaic at Zippori (photo credited to Wikipedia user:
      • G. Dallorto).
      • Figure 38. The wheel of the Zodiac in the Beit Alpha mosaic, 5th century AD (photo credited to Maksim
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Beit_Alpha.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 39. Personification of ‘favorable times’ at Byzantine Tel Malhata, Northern Negev (courtesy of Eldar and Baumgarten; I am grateful to the two archaeologists for allowing me to use the color photo of the mosaic and to Nachson Sneh for requesting the
      • Figure 40. Servant carrying a tray of fish in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 41. Porter climbing a ramp in the synagogue mosaic at Khirbet Wadi Hammam, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Uzi Leibner, The Institute of Archeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, photo: Gaby Laron).
      • Figure 43. Piper in the mosaic in Room L at the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg).
      • Figure 42. Fisherman in the church at Horvat Beit Loya (photo courtesy of Prof. Joseph Patrich).
      • Figure 44. Piper in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit She’an).
      • Figure 45. Shepherd in the mosaic from Be’er Shemʻa, Israel, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 46. Personifications of the months in the mosaic in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 47. The personifications of the months in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary mosaic, Beit She’an, detail (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 48. Hunter brandishing a club in the burial chapel at El-Hammam, Beit She’an (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 49. Man leading a camel in the church at Kissufim, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Carole Raddato https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Part_of_a_mosaic_floor_from_a_church_depicting_a_man_leading_a_camel_laden_with_amphorae_(
      • Figure 50. Man leading a donkey in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 52. Man leading a donkey in the Horbat Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 51. Man leading a donkey in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo from Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, A. Hadas, Tel-Aviv 2007, p. 83 (courtesy of Amos Hadas and Danny Kronenberg, photo cou
      • Figure 53. Man leading a giraffe in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 54. Mosaic of a man leading a giraffe, 5th century AD, now in the art Institute of Chicago (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sailko https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Sailko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic_Fragment_with_Man
      • Figure 56. Grape harvester carrying a basket on his back in the mosaic at Caesarea, 6th–7th centuries AD , photo from Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Amos Hadas, Tel-Aviv 2007, photo courtesy of Danny Kronenberg and the Israel Antiqui
      • Figure 55. Mosaic of a man leading a camel caravan through the desert, Roman mosaic from the Syrian city of Bosra (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jadd Haidar, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Bosra Mosaic Camels.png, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 57. Grape harvester in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo: Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 59. Vineyard workers in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo: Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 58. Grape harvester in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo: Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 62. Boy riding a donkey in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori (photo: Ilan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 60. The seasons of Spring and Autumn in the Ein Yaʻel mosaic (photo courtesy of Liat Eizenkoy, Ein Yaʻel Museum).
      • Figure 61. The seasons of Summer and Spring in the Ein Yaʻel mosaic (photo courtesy of Liat Eizenkoy, Ein Yaʻel Museum).
    • Tunics of indeterminatet type
      • Figure 63. Diners and servants in the Zippori villa mosaic, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Doron Nissim).
      • Figure 64. Figures playing dice in the Orpheus mosaic, Zippori, Israel, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Pninah Kopel).
      • Figure 65. Two man embracing in the Orpheus mosaic, Zippori, Israel, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Pninah Kopel).
      • Figure 66. Decorative band in the Museo Egizio, inv. 12602, Florence (photo courtesy of Raphael D’Amato).
    • Tunic embellishment
  • Chapter 2
  • The exomis
    • Figure 67. Gift bearers in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Golandomer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: DionysusRomanVila.JPG, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 68. Piper in the Horbat Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 69. Vineyard worker in Sede Nahum, 6th century AD (after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah, Pl. CLXXXIX, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987).
  • Chapter 3
  • Garments worn on the lower torso
    • Figure 70. Scene showing the drunken Dionysus in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (detail from photo: llan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
    • Skirts/kilts
    • Trousers and puttees
      • Figure 72. Man leading a camel in the Church of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beit She’an (photo by Shlomo Steinberg, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
      • Figure 71. The drinking contest in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori (detail from photo: llan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 73. Fresco of servants in the Roman Tomb of Silistra in Bulgaria, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: K. Tanchev (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Roman_Tomb_Silistra fresco servant.jpg, CCO 1.0). Drawings of male servants by the
      • Figure 75. Fresco from the Thracian tomb of Kazanlak, Bulgaria, portraying servants with tunicae talaris (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Kmrakmra, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak#/media/File: Kazanluk_1.jpg, CC BY – SA 3.0).
      • Figure 74. A Roman lady going to the bath with her children and her maidservants carrying boxes of oils, lotions and towels in the mosaic of Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy, 4th century AD (photo courtesy of Ian Ross).
      • Figure 76. The lady of Carthage and two maidservants, in the mosaic exhibited in the Bardo Museum (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Pradigue https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category, CC-BY-SA-3.0).
      • Figure 77. The Magi in the St Apollinare Nuovo church in Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ruge https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Ravenna_Basilica_of Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_3_Wise_men.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
      • Figure 78. A man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic in Mérida, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Helen Rickard https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_(NAR_M%C3%A9rida)_01.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
      • Figure 79. Diptych of Stilicho, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Marsyas https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Stilico diptych.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 80. Dark-skinned man riding an elephant in the Be’er Shemʻa church mosaic, 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
    • The perizoma
      • Figure 81. Hunters in the mosaic at Nahariya (photo credited to Dafna Wolf).
      • Figure 83. Grape-treaders in the burial chapel at El-Hammam and at the Lady Mary monastery, Beit She’an (in Hadas 2007: A. Hadas, Vine and Wine in the Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Tel Aviv, 2007: 1, 84, 85, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority)
      • Figure 82. Figure extracting a thorn in the mosaic at Nahariya, 6th century AD, (photo credited to Dafna Wolf).
      • Figure 85. Hunters, detail in the Orpheus mosaic from Damascus Gate, Jerusalem 6th century AD (photo courtesy of Dr Yehudah Dagan).
      • Figure 84 (above). Detail of Dionysus mosaic at Zippori, with the three grape-treaders, 4th century AD, Fig.28.
      • Figure 86. Fragments of the sailor pushing Jonah into the water in the Mahat el-Urdi church mosaic, Beit Guvrin (courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority).
  • Chapter 4
  • Garments made of animal skin: nebris
    • Figure 87. The centaur bearing a tray in the mosaic at Zippori (photo credited to pikiwiki user: llan Sharif
      • https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7679, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 88. Silenus, Hercules and satyrs in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède (photo: Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
  • Chapter 5
  • Overgarments
    • The chlamys
      • Figure 89. The Warrior mosaic at Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to pikiwiki user: llan Sharif https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7681, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 90. Hunter from the mosaic pavement from Nablus (photo by Dr Yehudah Dagan).
      • Figure 91. Zodiac Wheel Mosaic in the great Synagogue of Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to G. Dallorto)
    • The sagum
      • Figure 92. Amazons in the ‘Nile House’ mosaic, Zippori, 5th century AD (photo credited to Pnina Kopel).
      • Figure 93. Personification of the Nile in the ‘Nile House’ with a gray folded pallium over his left arm that drapes down over his feet (Photo Zeev Radovan).
    • The pallium
      • Figure 94. A statue of the river Nile in the Chiaramonti Vatican museum (photo credited to user: Fb78 talk https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: VaticanMuseums_Statue_of_River_Nile.jpg talk: Fb78).
      • Figure 95. The ‘Leontis House’ mosaic at Beit She’an, now in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem (https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/nilometers-in-the-land-of-israel/ Photo credited to Dr Ticia Verveer, 3.1.2018).
      • Figure 96. Fabric like the draped toga of the Emperor Tiberius, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia User: Jastrow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga#/media/File: Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg, public domain).
    • The paludamentum
    • The paenula
    • The cucullus
      • Figure 97.Trajan Column 113AD, Wikimedia,Public Domain , Creator: Apollodorus of
      • Damascus, File: 104 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel CIV.jpg).
    • Neck kerchiefs
    • Veils
    • Decorative elements on overgarments
    • Summary
      • Figure 98. Achilles in remnants of the mosaic from Nablus, 3rd century AD (photo: Dr Yehudah Dagan).
  • Part II
  • Men’s clothing: the iconographic context
  • Chapter 6
  • Huntsmen
    • Figure 99. Alexander the Great in the mosaic in the ‘House of the Faun’ at Pompeii (photo credited to wikipedia user: Berthold Werner https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic#/media/File: Battle of Issus mosaic-Museo Archeologico Nazionale-Naples 2
      • Figure 100. Hunting in the Sidonian cave in Beit Guvrin, 3rd century BC (photo credited to Dr Avishai Teicher via the PikiWiki Israel https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: PikiWiki_Israel 51222hunting_in_the_sidonian_cave_in_beit_guvrin.jpg).
      • Figure 101. Hunters in a medallion set in the Arch of Constantine, dated to the years 130–138 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Radomil, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 102. Hunters in the mosaic at a villa in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, 3rd–4th centuries AD (Right: photo credited to user: Jerzystrzelecki https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_06.jpg ,CC BY-
      • Figure 103. Hunters in the Conservatori sarcophagus in Rome (photo credited to Wikimedia user: jpg © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro ns.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sarcophagus_with_the_Calydonian_boar_hunt_-_Palazzo_dei_Conservatori_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2
      • Figure 104. Hunter/putto in the Church of the Apostles at Madaba, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 101, Fig. 83, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 105. Lion hunter on the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Mrsyas https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo: Macedonian_Army_Alexander.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0)
      • Figure 106. The great hunting mosaic from Apamea, Triclinos building, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user Michel Wal. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mus%C3%A9e_Cinquantenaire_Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Chasse_01.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 107. Mosaic floor in the Church of St Lot and St Procopius (after Piccirillo 1992: 153, Fig. 202, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 108. Man carrying a bucket in the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian at Jerash, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 278, Fig. 51, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 109. Belt and scabbard worn by the king’s scribe and the bodyguard in the Dura Europos synagogue, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jonund https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro: Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 110. Detail from the Throne of Maximilian depicting a scene of Joseph, 6th century AD, Ravenna, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Elenajorgemigueldidier https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slika: Catedra15.JPG, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 111. Vandal cavalryman from the mosaic pavement at Bordj Djedid near Carthage, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Aurélie-33000
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Vandal_cavalryman,_c._AD_500,_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 112. Coptic tunic, Walters Art Museum
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Coptic_-_Tunic_-_Walters_83484.jpg (photo credited to Wikipedia user: User: File Upload Bot (Kaldari), (Public Domain).
      • 112 b+c: Caption for tapestry fragments with erotes and birds: Tapestry decorations with erotes, birds and vases from a cushion or cover, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin, inv. 9825; in: Cäcilia Fluck and Klaus Finneiser, Kindheit am Nil. Spielze
      • Figure 112 a. Doll’s tunic, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin, inv. Cäcilia Fluck and Klaus Finneiser, Kindheit am Nil.Kleidung – Kinderbilder aus Ägypten in den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, p. 50-51, no. 20. © Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byza
      • Figure 112 d. Caption of a tunic fragment with tapestry decoration: Fragments of a tunic with tapestry decoration, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin, inv. 9825; in: Cäcilia Fluck and Klaus Finneiser, Kindheit am Nil. Spielzeug – Kleidung – Kinderbi
  • Chapter 7
  • Soldiers
    • Figure 113. Phinehas dressed as a Roman officer and an Egyptian soldier in a mural in the Via Latina catacombs in Rome, 4th century AD (photo after Fr. Ferrua 1991: 72, 73, Fig. 43, 142, Fig. 135, Courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of C
      • Figure 114. Soldiers guarding Christ’s tomb, early 5th-century AD ivory relief (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andreas Praefcke https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Reidersche_Tafel_c_400_AD.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 115. Soldiers at the battle of Eben Ezer, synagogue in Dura Europos, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dura-Europos_synagogue_painting#/media/File:DuraSyn-NB1_Eben-Ezer_2.jpg, Adapted by Marsyas -
      • Figure 116. Warrior in Al Khadir church, Madaba, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 128, Fig.143, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 117. Buffer-type torc, Reims Museums, France, 4th century BC (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Vassil
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:, Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 118. Illustrated manuscript ‘The List of Offices’, 5th century AD, showing military and civilian insignia, copy from the Notitia Dignitatum Orientis, copy from the 15th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Martin Poulter https://commons.w
  • Chapter 8
  • Diners and servants
    • Figure 119. Pompeii family feast painting, Naples, before 79 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Andrew Dalby
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome#/media/File: Pompeii_family_feast_painting_Naples.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 120. Dido and Aeneas reclining at dinner, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Iustinus, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius Romanus /media/File: VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif).
      • Figure 121. (above) An ancient Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti, Pompeii – Image: Pompeii Casa dei Casti Amanti Banquet,1st century BC, photo credited to Wikimedia user: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D
      • (below) Fresco of female figure holding chalice in the Agape Feast, Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, Via Labicana, Rome, 2nd–5th centuries AD.
      • Figure 122. Wine servers and man bearing a jar and a towel in the mosaic from Dougga in the Bardo Museum, Tunis, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Dennis Jarvis https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dougga_Banquet.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 123. The four Tetrarchs in Venice, 3rd century AD (photo courtesy of Mark Hassner).
      • Figure 124. Plate with hunters’ feast, from the Sevso Treasure (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Elekes Andor https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Vad%C3%A1szt%C3%A1l_(2).jpg CC BY-SA 4.0).
      • Figure 125. Scene of hunters from the Sevso Treasure (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Dencey
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: SEUSO_lakom%C3%A1ja.png, CC-BY-SA-4.0).
      • Figure 126. Dice players, Roman fresco from the Osteria della Via di Mercurio (VI 10,1.19, room b) in Pompeii (photo credited to Wikimedia user: WolfgangRieger, 80 BC–14 AD, Public Domain).
      • Figure 127. Dice players and two observers, Roman fresco from the Osteria della Via di Mercurio (VI 10,1.19, room b) in Pompeii (photo credited to wikimedia user: WolfgangRieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Pompeii_-_Osteria_della_Via_di_Mer
    • Pipers and shepherds
  • Chapter 9
  • Laborers: pipers and shepherds, vintners, fishermen and sailors, herders, builders and horsemen
    • Figure 128. Abel in the Basilica of San’ Vitale at Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: DRTAMBROSE, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chalice_depicted_at_Ravenna.jpg, CC-BY-SA-4.0).
      • Figure 129. Piping shepherds in the Virgilius Romanus manuscript, folio 44, Vatikan, Biblioteca Apostolica, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Claveyrolas Michel, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg , CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 130. The Good Shepherd with exomis, Catacomb of Priscilla, 2nd half of the 3rd century AD, Rome, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Good_shepherd_01_small.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Vintners
      • Figure 131. Vineyard workers mosaic from Santa Constanza, Rome, Italy, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MM https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: RomaSCostanzaMosaici02.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 133. Peasant carrying a basket of grapes in the Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius on Mount Nebo, Jordan, 6th century, AD
      • (after Piccirillo 1992: 157, Fig. 206, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 132. Vineyard workers in the Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius on Mount Nebo in Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 158, Fig. 206, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 134. Vineyard worker in the mosaic from Caesarea (Cherchel), Algeria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: JPS68, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinalia#/media/File: Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 135. Vineyard workers at a Roman mosaic in Cherchell, 3rd century AD North Africa (photo credited to Wikipedia user: JPS68 https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier: Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchel
      • l.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Fishermen and sailors
      • Figure 137. Sailors on a boat with perizoma shown on the Nile River, National Museum of Wales, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Wolfgang Sauber
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: NMW_-_R%C3%B6misches_Mosaik_1.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 136. Sailor dressed in perizoma in the mosaic from Palestrina, final quarter of the 2nd century BC (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Saiko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_con_banchetto_durante_le_feste_per_l%27inondazione_del_ni
      • Figure 138. Fishermen in the ‘Villa of the Nile Mosaic’, Lepcis Magna, Tripoli, National Museum, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Marco Prins
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Animal handlers
      • Figure 139. Man leading a donkey in the Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius, Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 154–155, Fig. 203, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 321c. Man wearing the pileus/pilos (conical hat). Tondo of an Apulian red-figure plate, third quarter of the 4th century BC (Photo credited to Wikimedia user: User: Jastrow, © Marie-Lan Nguyen/Wikimedia Commons.
      • Figure 140. Camel driver and man leading a donkey in the Suwayfiyah Chapel, Amman, 4th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 260, Fig. 456, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 141. Camel driver in the mosaic from the Great Palace in Constantinople, 6th century AD (photo credited to user: Patrickneilhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Istanbul_Mosaic_Museum_Boys_on_Camel.jpg, CC-BY-SA-3.0).
      • Figure 142. Man leading a donkey and a camel in the mosaic from the Diakonikon on Mount Nebo, Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 135, Fig. 166, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 144. Builders on Trajan’s Column, 113 AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Cristian Chirita http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Engineering_corps_traian_s_column.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 143. Camel driver in the upper church of the Monastery of Kaianos, Jordan, mid-6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 191, Fig. 277, courtesy of SBF).
    • Builders and carpenters
      • Figure 145. Ilias Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205. P. Inf.,5 th AD, Bibliothecae Ambrosianae Mediolanensis, Fontes Ambrosiani 28, Berne 1953 (photo by permission of Dr Emil Kren ed. Web Gallery of Art, https://www.wga.hu/html_m/zearly/1/2mural/4callist/callist2.h
    • Horsemen
  • Chapter 10
  • Clothing worn by biblical figures in synagogue mosaics in Eretz Israel
    • Figure 146. The Sacrifice of Isaac, Dura Europos Synagogue, Syria, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Laxguy1955 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sacrifice_of_Isaac_at_Dura-Europos.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 147. Abraham in the Catacomb of St Callixtus, mid-3rd century AD, Rome (photo credited to Dr Emil Krén, editor, © Web Gallery of Art, created by Emil Krén and Daniel Marx).
      • Figure 148. The Sacrifice of Isaac on murals in the Via Latina catacomb, 4th century (after Ferrua 1991: 124, Fig. 113, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 149 (right). Sacrifice of Isaac, Via Latina catacomb, Rome, 4th century AD (after Ferrua 1991: 124, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 150. Fragment 26v from the Cotton Genesis (British Library, MS Cotton Otho B. VI), 6th century AD, Abraham and Angels. {PD-art} (Photo credited by: dsmdgold https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: CottonGenesisFragment26vAbrahamAndAngels.JPG, Pub
      • Figure 151. Mosaic from the Old Testament ‘Sacrifice of Isaac’, Basilica of San Vitale, Italy, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Petar Milošević, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#/media/File: Sacrifice_of_Isaac_mosaic__Basil
      • Figure 152. The Sacrifice of Melchizedek, 5thcentury AD mosaic, Santa Maria Maggiore Rome, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: MelchizAbraham.jpg (photo credited to Wikimedia user: User: Dickstracke, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 153. Abraham and Isaac in the wall mosaic in Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro, https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier: Sacrifices_of_Abel, Melchisedec_and_Abraham_
    • Samson
      • Figure 155. Samson fighting a lion in a mural in the Via Latina catacomb, 4th century AD, Rome (after Ferrua 1991: 124, Fig. 114, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, The Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 154. Samson slaying the Philistines with the jawbone of an ass in a mural in the Via Latina catacomb, Rome, 4th century AD (after Ferrua 1991: 107, Fig. 87, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 156. Samson burning the Philistines’ fields (after Ferrua 1991: 84, Fig. 61, 4th century AD, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
    • King David
      • Figure 157. King David of Israel, fresco in synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Gillman slide collection.https: //fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier: DuraSyn
      • _Centre_sup_David_King.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 158. Dura Europos fresco, King David of Israel, 1st century AD (photo credited to Marsyas
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: DuraSyn_Centre_sup_David_King.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 159. The Missorium of Theodosius, 4th century AD, Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida, Madrid (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Manuel Parada López de Corselas, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire#/media/File: Discoo_
      • Figure 160. Emperor Justinian and his retinue in the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to the York Project (2002) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_003.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 161. King David in the Sinope Gospels manuscript from Syria, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dsmdgold https://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/Sinope_Gospels#/mediaFile: SinopeGospelsFolio29rChristHealingBlind.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 162. King David in the Quedlinburg Itala manuscript, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dsmdgold https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg_Itala_fragment , Public Domain).
      • Figure 163. Consular diptych of Probus, 406 AD, Photograph from Ludwig von Sybel, ‘’Christliche Antike’’, vol. 2, Marburg, 1909 (photo credited to
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 164. The marriage of David and Michal, relief on a silver dish in the Cyprus Museum of Archaeology, Nicosia, 6th century AD (courtesy of Prof. Demetrios Michaelides).
    • Daniel
      • Figure 165. Ambo plate with portrayal of Daniel in the lions’ den, 7th century AD, Novara Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jdsteakley https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Lombard_ambo_plate_depicting_Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den_from_Novara,_It
      • Figure 166. Daniel in the catacombs of Saints Petrus and Marcellinus in Rome, 4th century AD (after Ferrua 1991: 26, Fig. 139, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 167. Daniel stands raising his hands, En-Nashut Synagogue, 4th–5th centuries AD (courtesy of the Golan Archaeological Museum in Katzrin photo).
      • Figure 168. Fragment of a sarcophagus - Daniel in the lion’s den – 4th century, Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico de Córdoba https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Fragment_of_a_sarcophagus_-_Daniel_in_the_lion%27s_den_-_4th_cent._-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gic
      • Figure 169. Daniel in the lions’ den, a tomb with a biblical scene in the Western Galilee near Kibbutz Lohamei HaGetaot, 4th–5th centuries AD (courtesy of Gideon Foerster 1986: “Painted Christian Burial Cave near Kibbutz Lohamei HaGetaot,” in M. Yedaya
    • Figures in the synagogue at Huqoq
      • Figure 170. Daniel in the lions’ den, detail from the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: G.Dallorto https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: 1059_-oma,_Museo_d._civilt%C3%A0_Romana_-_Calco_sarcofago_Giunio_B
      • Figure 171. Pyxis with Daniel, 5th century AD (photo credited to Johnbod, https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: BM_rm_41_,DSCF9195_Pyxis_with_Daniel.JPG, CC 3.0).
      • Figure 172. Belt pendant representing ‘Daniel in the lions’ den’, dated to the 4th–5th centuries AD, (photo credited to Wikimedia Commons commons user: pierre-yves beaudouin / Wikimedia https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category: Daniel_in_the_lions%2
    • The prophet Jonah
  • Chapter 11
  • Clothing worn by figures in church mosaics in Eretz Israel
    • Figure 173. Jonah being lowered into the sea in the midst of the storm as a sacrifice to save those aboard the ship, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Jonah_thrown_into_the_Sea.jpg,
      • Figure 174. Jonah on a sarcophagus in the Church of Maria Antiqua, Rome, 3rd century AD (photo courtesy of Steven Zucker).
      • Figure 175. Marble statue of Jonah clothed in a thin garment, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Daderot https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Jonah_Under_the_Gourd_Vine,_280-290_AD,_Late_Roman,_Asia_Minor,_marble_-_Cleveland_Museum_,C
      • Figure 177. Jonah Mosaic in Aquileia, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Saiko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Aquileia,_storia_di_giona,_pavimento_della_basilica,_1a_met%C3%A0_del_IV_secolo.jpg, 4th century AD, Public Domain).
      • Figure 176. Jonah mosaic in the Basilica in Aquileia, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: YukioSanjo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Aquileia_-_Basilica_-_Giona_ingoiato_mostro_marino_ (esposizione_33).jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 178. Icon of Saint Menas and Christ, 6th century AD, currently displayed in the Louvre (photo credited to Wikipedia user: clio20 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: L%27abb%C3%A9_M%C3%A9na_et_le_Christ_01.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 179. Icon of Saint Menas, from Alexandria (photo credited to Wikimedia user: sailko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tavoletta_paleocristiana_con_san_mena,_da_alessandria_d%27egitto.JPG, CC 3.0).
    • Saint Menas (?)
      • Figure 180. Pilgrim flask with St Menas between two camels, 4th–6th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Jastrow, Marie-Lan Nguyen https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Jastrow, Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC-BY 2.5).
      • Figure 181. Figure in the orans posture in the Church of Saint George at Khirbet el Mukkhayyat, Jordan (after Piccirillo 1992: 178, 179, Fig. 247, courtesy of SBF).
  • Chapter 12
  • Clothing worn by mythological figures
    • The Sun god
      • Figure 182. Helios in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the ‘Handy Tables’ of Ptolemy, 3rd century AD ? (photo credited to wikiedia Creating User: Tonychakar, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Heli
      • Figure 183. Representation of Christ as the sun-god Helios, Sol Invictus riding in his chariot, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: ChristAsSol.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 184 (above). Ancient Roman mosaic (c. 250 AD) found in the ruins of the Roman villa of Münster-Sarmsheim (Bad Kreuznach), now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn, Germany. The mosaic was part of the floor of the entrance hall of the villa and d
      • Figure 185. Orbe-Boscéaz, mosaïques romaines, (photo credited to wikimedia user: Leemburg-CH https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Orbe-Bosceaz_(3).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
      • Figure 186. Villa Selene, mosaic of the four seasons and Helios, 4th century AD (photo by: Marco Prins) https://www.livius.org/pictures/libya/silin-villa-selene/villa-selene-mosaic-of-the-four-seasons-helios/, CC0 1.0 Universal).
      • Figure 187. Heracles wrestling with a lion in a section of an illustrated poem written on papyrus, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Denniss https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Denniss, Public Domain).
    • Hercules
      • Figure 188. Hercules in a copy of marble sculpture found in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Paul Stevenson
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hercules_Farnese.
      • Figure 189. The madness of Heracles, Villa Torre de Palma, Portugal, 3rd–4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sailko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_con_ercole_furioso,_III-IV_secolo,_da_torre_de_palma,_monforte,_portalegre
      • Figure 190. Hercules and Dionysus in the House of the Drinking Contest, House’ mosaic in Antioch, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: User: Djkeddie, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Djkeddie, Public Domain).
      • Figure 191. Hercules and Dionysus in the ‘Drinking Competition House’ mosaic in Antioch, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Djkeddie,
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Djkeddie, Public Domain).
    • Hippolytus
      • Figure 192. Hippolytus and Phaedra in the mosaic from Nea Paphos, 3rd century AD (photo credited to User: Rstehn, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: RStehn, cc-by-sa-2.0).
      • Figure 193. Hippolytus and Phaedra. Front of a marble sarcophagus, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hippolytus_Phaedra_Louvre_Ma_2294.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 194. Hippolyus and Phaedra from Daphne, Harbiye, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dosseman https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Four_seasons_mosaic_6544.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, Public Domain).
      • Figure 195. Mosaic of Hippolytus at Madaba in Jordan, mid-6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 54, 55, Fig. 6, Courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 196. Silenus holding a lyre, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, 1st century BC (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yann Forget https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Fresque_des_myt%C3%A8res,_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 197. Silenus Dionysus and the Pirates, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dyolf77
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg,Public Domain).
      • Figure 198. Silenus Riding a Camel, Musée Archéologique d’El Jem (photo
      • credited to Wikipedia user: User talk: Lily https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk: Lily,Public Domain).
      • Figure 199. The birth of Dionysus, mosaic in Paphos, 4rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacopo Werther) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Birth_of_Dionysos_House_of_Aion_-_Paphos Archaeological_Park.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
      • Figure 200. Fragment with Satyr and Maenad, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: madreiling) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Egypt,_Byzantine_period,_4th_century_-_Fragment_with_Satyr_and_Maenad_-_1975.6_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.ti
      • Figure 201. Bacchus and his cortege, in the mosaic of El Jem (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Lily), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: El_Jem_Museum_(11).JPG, Public Domain).
    • Satyrs
      • Figure 202. Mosaic represent the triumph of Baccus, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wildbeard).
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_%22El_Triunfo_de_Baco%22_de_la_villa_romana_de_Fuente_Alamo.jpg, CC BY-4.0).
      • Figure 203. The Wedding of Dionysus and Ariadne in the mosaic pavement from a villa at Zeugma, 2nd century AD (photo courtesy of Dr M.Onal taken by Sertaç Ltd. Şti and sponsored by Sanko).
    • Dionysus
      • Figure 204. Triumph of Dionysos mosaic, Zeugma, 2nd century AD (photo courtesy of Mehmet Önal and A Turizm Yayınlar (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Klaus-Peter Simon https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Zeugma Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 205. Mosaic in the House of Dionysos in Paphos, Cyprus, end of the 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Shonagon https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dyonysos.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 206. Bachhus and Ariadna, Sabratha Museum
      • Mosaic (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Franzfoto)
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sabratha
      • Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit,_Mosaik_05.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Centaurs
      • Figure 207. Centaur mosaic in Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli, 120–130 AD (Google art project) (photo credited to Wikipedia user: SwHAQhNGz6l7_Q at G ADoogle Cultural Institute https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouc
    • Orpheus
      • Figure 208. Central panel above the Torah niche in Dura Europos Synagogue 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacek555, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: DuraSyn-W2-Blessings_and_great_vine.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 209. A statue of Orpheus from Byzantium, now in the İstanbul Archaeological Museum. (photo credited to Wikipedia user: QuartierLatin1968) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Orpheus_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.5).
      • Figure 210. Orpheus as a prefiguration of Christ, Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, Rome, 2nd–5th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Leinad-Z~commonswiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: OrpheusMarcellinus.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 211. Great Cameo of France, Roman artwork, second quarter of the 1st century AD (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Janmad) dM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 212. Orpheus in the mosaic of Cagliari, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Robur.q
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 213. Orpheus mosaic at Dominicans Museum, found at villa D, near Rottweil, Germany, dated to the end of the 2nd century AD, (photo credited to Wikipedia user: ManiacParisian) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Orpheus2.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 214. Orpheus mosaic from ‘Casa de Orfeo’, Zaragoza, 3rd century AD (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jacopo Werther) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_de_Orfeo_(fragmento)_-_Museo_de_Zaragoza.jpg, CC BY 2.0).
      • Figure 216. Achilles on Skyros from Pompeii, fresco from ‘Casa dei Dioscuri’, Archaeological Museum of Naples, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jean-Pol GRANDMOT https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: 0 Fresque_d%27Achile_%C3%A0_Sciro_Mus._Nat.
      • _Expo_temporaire_Colis%C3%A9e).JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Achilles
      • Figure 215. Achilles in the mosaic from the ‘Uboni House’, Pompeii (photo credited to Wikipedia user: PericlesofAthens https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros#/media/File: Achille_a_Sciro2.JPG, Public Domain).
      • Figure 217. Achilles’ surrender of Briseis. Fresco (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Achilles_Briseis_MAN_Napoli_Inv9105_n01.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 219. Mosaic floor depicting the unmasking of Achilles by Odysseus on the island of Skyros, 4th century AD, Kourion, Cyprus (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Donald Trung, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic_floor_depicting_the_unmask
      • Figure 218. Detail of the Achilles plate, silver treasure of Seuso (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Elekes Andor, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki File: Akhilleusz_t%C3%A1l_3).jpg,CC BY-SA 4.0).
  • Chapter 13
  • Personifications
    • Figure 220. Marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Pharoshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Marble_sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysos_and_the_Seasons_MET_DP138717.jpg, CC0 1.0).
    • Personifications of the seasons of the year
      • Figure 221. The Four Seasons Mosaic, House of Bacchus, Complutum Madrid (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Error https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: ComplutumEstaciones.jpg, CC BY-3.0).
      • Figure 222. A mosaic showing the figures of the four seasons, from Palencia, Spain, made between 167 and 200 AD.(photo credited to Wikipedia user: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG, CC BY-SA 4.0)
    • Personification of the months of the year
    • Personification of the month of January
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - January (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD -Februarry (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - Februarry (photo credited to © Ad Meskens/ Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Personification of the month of February
      • Figure 225. Dominus Julius mosaic, Carthage, now in Bardo National Museum, 4th–5th centuries AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Boyd Dwyer https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dominus_Julius_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum (12240864473).jpg, C
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - March (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Personification of the month of March
    • Personification of the month of April
    • Personification of the month of May
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - April (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - April (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - May (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - May (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Personification of the month of June
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - June (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - June (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons,nhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - July (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - July (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons,nhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Personification of the month of July
    • Personification of the month of August
      • Figure 226. Personification of the month of July in traces of the mosaic from Carthage displayed in the British Museum, London (photo credited to Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: North_African_mosaics,_British_Museum_
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - August (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - August (photo credited to © Ad Meskens /Wikimedia Commons,, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - September (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
    • Personification of the month of September
    • Personification of the month of October
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - September (photo credited to © Ad Meskens /Wikimedia Commons,, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - October (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - October (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - November (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
    • Personification of the month of November
    • Personification of the month of December
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - November (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 223. Personification of the months’ calendar of Philocalus, 4th century AD - December (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgangrieger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chronography_of_354_Mensis_Iunius.png, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 224. Panel with months of the year from El-Jem, mid-3rd century, Tunis - December (photo credited to © Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0, Panel with months of the
    • A personification of ‘favorable times’
    • Personification of the Nile
      • Figure 227. Personification of the Nile. R: Nilus, with crocodile beside him, reclining left, holding reed and cornucopia (courtesy of CNG. https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-nilometer.300607).
      • Figure 228. Marble statuette of a personification of the Nile recovered from the sea at Acre (photo credited to Alon Steinberg).
      • Figure 229. Mosaic of the Nile, Tripoli (photo: G. Lopez Monteagudo. Photo taken from Representaciones de Mujeres en Los Mosaicos Romanos, courtesy of: Luz Neira, Spain 2011).
      • Figure 230. Mosaic of the god Oceanus Petra, Jordan (Photo credited to wikipedia user: Gilles Mairet,
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Ok%C3%A9anos-Mosaique-Petra-Jordanie.jpg, Public Domain).
    • Summary
  • Part III
  • Women’s clothing: the typological context
  • Chapter 14
  • Women’s clothing as reflected in ancient sources
  • Chapter 15
  • Tunics
    • Tunics with long, close-fitting sleeves
      • Figure 231. The mosaic from Caesarea personifying the fair weather, kalokairia (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
      • Figure 232. Ladies in the Kissufim church mosaic (photo courtesy of Nachson Sneh).
      • Figure 233. Semasia, the female portent of the Nile floods displayed in the ‘Nile House’ at Zippori (photo: Zeev Radovan).
    • Sleeveless tunics or tunics with sleeves
      • Figure 234. Tyche, the city goddess of Beit She’an, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yuvalif
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic_bet_shean.JPG, Public Domain).
      • Figure 235. Theodosia and Georgia in the Orpheus mosaic from the Damascus Gate burial chapel (photo: Dr Yehudah Dagan).
      • Figure 236. Tyche, in the decorative border of the Orpheus mosaic from Damascus Gate in Jerusalem (photo: Dr Yehudah Dagan).
      • Figure 237. Woman nursing in St Stephen’s Church at Horbat Be’er Shemʻa, 6th century AD (photo credited to Nachson Sneh).
    • Long sleeveless tunics
      • Figure 238. Dionysus’s education in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori (detail from photo credited to IIan Sharif. https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/7683, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 239. The wedding of Dionysus, detail from Zippori mosaic (photo credited to Wikipedia user: YiFeiBot, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Detail_of_the_Dionysus_Mosaic_depicting_scenes_from_the_life_of_Dionysus;_the_wedding_of_Dionysus_with_A
      • Figure 240. The season of Tishrei (Autumn) in the Na’aran synagogue(after Sukenik 1932: 34, Pl. 5b).
      • Figure 241. Gift bearers’ procession in the ‘Dionysus House’ mosaic, Zippori, 4th century AD (detail from photo credited to Carole Raddato, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dionysus_Mosaic_depicting_scenes_from_the_life_of_Dionysus, Sepphoris,_Isr
    • Sleeveless tunics whose lower sections are concealed
      • Figure 242. Nilotic Panel from Dionysus Mosaic in Zippori (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Geagea, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tzippori (3422679895).jpg, CC-BY 2.0).
      • Figure 243. Personification of the month of Tevet, zodiac wheel in synagogue at Zippori, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Bukvoed https ://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tsipori-2-314.jpg?uselang=ru, CC BY 3.0).
      • Figure 244. The seasons of the year, Hammat Tiberias. Personification of: a. Autumn, b. Summer, Hammath Tiberias, 4th century AD (after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah Pl. CLXXXII, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987.b. Credit to user: Bukvoed htt
    • The dalmatica
      • Figure 245. Personification of the Seasons, mosaic in Zippori Synagogue (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Bukvoed, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tsipori-2-317.jpg, CC-BY 3.0).
      • Figure 246. Phaedra in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Tunic decorations
      • Figure 247. Personification of the land in St. George’s Church, Jordan. (after Piccirillo 1993: 179, Fig. 251, courtesy of SBF). Detail from Photo: Ilan Sharif.
    • Peplos
    • Chiton
  • Chapter 16
  • Garments in Greek style
    • Figure 249. Dancing Amazons in the Nile House, Sepphoris (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ovedc, https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sepphoris_ovedc_8.jpg, CC-BY 3.0).
      • Figure 248. The Goddess of the Land and the seasons of the year in the mosaic at Beit Guvrin, 2nd–3rd centuries AD (photo courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Mandatory Scientific Archive Files 31, 32, Beit Guvrin).
  • Chapter 17
  • Items of clothing covering the lower torso
    • Trousers
    • Summary
  • Chapter 18
  • Overgarments
    • Figure 250. Personification of the Nile, ‘Nile House’ at Zippori (photo: Zeev Radovan).
      • Figure 251. Personification of the Goddess of the Land in a Roman mosaic from Mount Zion (photo credited to Dr Yehuda Dagan).
    • Himation
    • Palla
      • Figure 252. A maenad and a satyr in the mosaic from Sheikh Zouède, 5th–6th centuries AD (photo courtesy of Prof. Asher Ovadiah).
    • Pallium
    • Paenula/cucullus
  • Part IV
  • Women’s clothing: the iconographic context
  • Chapter 19
  • Nursing women
    • Figure 253. Nursing Madonna in a mural in the catacomb of Priscilla in Rome, 3rd century AD (Ferrua 1991: 22, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 254. Nursing Madonna in a mural in the catacomb of Priscilla, 3rd century AD (Ferrua 1991: 23, courtesy of Carlo dell’Osso, the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology).
      • Figure 255. Icon of Mary, Christ and saints from Sinai, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: McLeod https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mary%26 Child Icon_Sinai 6th century.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 256. Isis nursing Harpocrates, fresco from house in Karanis, 4th century AD (photo credited to user: A. Parrot, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, through Wikipedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: KM4.2990 isis.gif, Public Domain).
      • Figure 257. Nursing woman, the Great Palace, Istanbul (photo credited to Helen Milles, helenmilesmosaics@gmail.c).
      • Figure 258. Sarcophagus of Julius Bassus, Adam and Eve (detail) (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MiguelHermoso, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Copia_del_sarc%C3%B3fago_de_Junio_Basso_02.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
  • Chapter 20
  • Mythological figures and their garments
    • Phaedra
    • Phaedra’s nursemaid
    • Tyche
      • Figure 259. Marble medallion depicting Tyche, Khirbat Tinshemet, now in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (photo credited to Alon Steinberg).
      • Figure 260. Bronze statue of Tyche from Antioch, 3rd century (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Sailko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Sailko, CC-BY- SA 3.O).
      • Figure 261. Tyche, fully clothed, holding scepter in extended right hand and cradling cornucopia, seated left on throne supported by tritoness, holding scepter in extended right hand and cornucopia in left, 2nd century (courtesy of CNG website: http://w
      • Figure 262. Personifications of the cities of Rome, Gregoria and Madaba in the ‘Hall of Hippolytus’ in Jordan, early 6th century (after Piccirillo 1992: 57, 66, courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 263. Dionysian scene on a silver plate, 4th century, originally from the East (photo credited to Wikimedia user: BabelStone, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: British Museum ildenhall Bacchic Dish A.jpg, CC0 1.0).
      • Figure 264. Tyche, a wall painting from Hippos-Sussita 3rd–4th centuries (photo credited to Dr Michael Eisenberg).
    • Maenads
      • Figure 265. Maenad from Hippos-Sussita (photo credited to Dr Michael Eisenberg).
      • Figure 266. Menade (maenad) in silk dress, a Roman fresco from the Casa del Naviglio in Pompeii, 1st century AD, Naples National Museum (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Alonso de Mendoza, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: M%C3%A9nade_danzante,_C
    • Amazons
      • Figure 267. Amazon from the ‘House of Orpheus’ at Paphos (photo credited to Prof. Demetrios Michaelides 1992: 19, Fig. 5).
      • Figure 268. Amazon warrior armed with a labrys, Roman mosaic (marble and limestone), second half of the 4th century AD, from Daphne of Antioch on the Orontes (modern Antakya in southern Turkey (photo credited to wikipedia user: Jastrow, https://commons
      • Figure 269. Amazon mosaic from Apamea in 2002 (photo credited to Wikipedia user: COHBot, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: APAMEA_Museo_-_Mosaico_con_emblema_di_amazzone_-_GAR_-_6-042.jpg, CC BY-4.0).
    • Ariadne
      • Figure 270. Mosaic with Bacchanalian scene, National Museum of Roman Art in Merida, Spain (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Xosema,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: M%C3%A9rida_-
      • _Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano_-_06_- Escena_b%C3%A1quica.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
      • Figure 271. Dionysos and Ariadne, now in the archaeological Museum in Chania, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Xenophon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: AMC_-_Mosaik_2.jpg, CC BY-3.0).
  • Chapter 21
  • Personifications
    • The seasons of the year
    • Winter
      • Figure 272. The four seasons of the year in the mosaic from Ras-Boutria at Acholla, Tunis, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Dennis Jarvis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: The_Four_Seasons,_Roman_mosaic.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.0).
      • Figure 273. The Four Seasons Mosaic in Villa Zliten, Dar Buc Ammera, Libya, 2nd century AD, (photo credited to Livius.org user: Rene Voorburg, https://vici.org/image.php?id=1987, CC BY-SA 3.0).
    • Spring
      • Figure 274. Personification of the month of Nissan in the Na’aran Synagogue, 6th century AD (photo after Sukenik 1932: 76, Pl. 5a).
      • Figure 275. Personification of the Seasons, Via Appia Nouva, Rome (photo credited to Wikipedia user: MiguelHermoso, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_Palazzo_Massimo_27.JPG, CC BY-3.0).
    • Summer
      • Figure 276. Personification of Summer, mosaic in Carmona, Spain, 2nd century AD (detail from a photo credited to Wikipedia user: José Luis Filpo Cabana https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaico_de_las_EstacionesCarmona_Sevilla).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Autumn
    • Personifications of fair weather
    • Personifications of Earth or the Land
      • Figure 277. Joseph and the wife of Potiphar, Vienna, Austria, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia User File Upload Bot (Eloquence), The Yorck Project (2002). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Meister der Wiener Genesis 001.jpg, CCO 1.0).
      • Figure 278. Personification of the Land in a mural from the Via Latina catacomb, Rome, early 4th century AD (CCO 1.0).
    • Personifications of Semasia, the ‘sign giver’
    • Personifications of Egypt
      • Figure 279. Semasia on coin (courtesy of CNG Classical Numismatic Group website: Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com).
      • Figure 280. Personification of Egypt on a silver coin (courtesy of CNG, Classical Numismatic Group website: Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com).
      • Figure 281. Virgo in the Na’aran synagogue, 6th century AD (after Sukenik 1932: 34, Pl. 3b).
    • The Moon goddess
    • Virgo
    • The female figures from Damascus gate and Kissufim
      • Figure 282. Personification of the zodiac signs Virgo and Libra at Hammat Tiberias, 4th century AD (photo after Ruth and Prof. Asher Ovadiah Pl. CLXXXII, in: Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome, 1987).
      • Figure 283. Anicia Juliana, Vienna Dioscorides, Folio 6, Constantinople, 6th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Anthémios de Tralles, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dioscorides Vienna f6b.jpg, Public Domain).
      • Figure 284. Annunciation on the triumphal arch of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Seudo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Annunciation_on_the_triumphal_arch_of_santa_maria_maggiore_in_rome_(cropped)
      • Figure 285. Dura Europos fresco showing Moses found in the river, dated to 244 AD, (photo credited to Wikipedia user: David Levy https://en.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s daughter (Exodus)#/media/File: Dura Europos fresco Moses from river.jpg , Public Do
      • Figure 286. The Virgin from the Church of Santa Francesca Romana, Rome, 7th–8th centuries (courtesy of Santa Francesca Romana, Rome, https://www.romaexperience.com/rome-blog/goddesses-and-female-saints-basilica-of-santa-francesca-romana-rome).
    • Summary
  • Part V
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths: the typological context
  • Chapter 22
  • Children’s tunics
    • Figure 287. Youths in the Zippori synagogue mosaic, 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Nis101,
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: %D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99 2.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • Tunica manicata
    • Colobium
    • Tunic decorations
      • Figure 288. Harbinger of the Nile’s tide, 5th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Deltafunction
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Tzippori_Nile_mosaic_July2009.JPG, CC BY-SA 1.0).
      • Figure 289. Boy pushing a rock partridge into an open cage in the mosaic in the church on Katznelson Hill, Nahariya (photo: Dafna Wolf).
  • Chapter 23
  • Garments worn over the lower torso
    • Perizoma
    • Skirt
    • Neck scarf
  • Chapter 24
  • Garments worn over the upper torso
    • Figure 290. Soldiers on Trajan’s Column, Plate number XXXII (photo from Conrad Cichorius: “Die Reliefs der Traianssäule”, Erster Tafelband: “Die Reliefs des Ersten Dakischen Krieges”, Tafeln 1-57, Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin 1896, 2nd century AD. ht
  • Part VI
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths: the iconographic context
  • Chapter 25
  • Garments worn by babies, infants and youths
    • Babies’ clothing
      • Figure 291. Fertility goddess holding four swaddled babies (Photo credited to Wikipedia user: Wolfgang Sauber, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptothek_-_Fruchtbarkeitsg%C3%B6ttin.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 292. Mother breast-feeding a baby in the presence of the father, detail from the sarcophagus of Marcus Cornelius Statius, 150 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jastrow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sarcophagus Marcus Cornelius Stati
      • Figure 293. Wet nurse Severina with swaddled baby (photo courtesy of Ursula Rothe), Der Grabstein der Severina Nutrix aus Köln: eine neue Deutung, Germania, 89, 191–214.
      • Figure 293a. Seated woman leaving her newborn child to a nurse, funerary stele marble, made in Athens, ca. 425–400 BC. From Athens (photo credited to User: Jastrow), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User: Jastrow ,public domain).
      • Figure 294. The Massacre in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, 5th century AD (photo credited to user: MM https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleSxRegistro3.jpg CC -S A- 3.0).
    • Items of clothing worn by children playing with birds and animals or hunting birds
      • Figure 295. Children playing ball games, Roman marble, 2nd century AD (photo credited to Wikimedia user: Jastrow
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Children_games_Louvre_Ma99n2.jpg, CC BY 3.0).
      • Figure 297. The Child Hunters, Villa Romana del Casale, early 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Jbribeiro1, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Cubicle_of_the_Child_Hunters_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_(2).JPG, CC BY-SA 4.0
      • Figure 296. Children playing at chariot racing, Villa Romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Lidine Mia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Villa_Romana_del_Casale-vestibule_du_petit_cirque-7.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0).
    • The Spinario, the thorn extractor
      • Figure 299. Children’s games, The Great Palace Mosaic, Istanbul 1997, Turkey, 49–51: Figs. a, b (courtesy of Werner Jobst, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture, Vienna, Austria).
      • Figure 298. Boy holding a parrot in the Apostolic Church in Jordan, 6th century AD (after Piccirillo 1992: 97, Fig. 79, Courtesy of SBF).
      • Figure 300. Spinario, British Museum, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yair-Haklai
      • https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas: Spinario-
      • British_Museum.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 301. Boy extracting a thorn, bronze sculpture dating to the 2nd century, displayed in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Sixtus, http://m.wikizero.biz/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi5tLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9GaWxlOkxvX1
    • Isaac’s clothing
      • Figure 302. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, cast in Rome, early 4th century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Tetraktys. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus_-_Cast_in_Rome.jpg, CCO).
      • Figure 303. The Sacrifice of Isaac on a capital in the Church of San Pedro de la Nave in Zamora, 5th–7th centuries (photo credited to Wikipedia user: YeRa~commonswiki, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_de_la_Nave#/media/File: San_Pedro_de_la_Nave_c
    • Clothing worn by donkey drivers
    • Summary
  • Part VII
  • Clothing accessories
  • Chapter 26
  • Jewelry
    • Fasteners
    • Head ornaments
      • Figure 304. Esther displayed as Tyche, Dura Europos 3rd century AD (detail from photo credited to Wikipedia user: Richard Arthur Norton, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Duraeuropa-1-.gif, Public Domain).
      • Figure 305. Female figure of the dionysaic mosaic at Sepphoris, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Geagea, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: The_%22Mona_Lisa_of_the_Galilee%22_(possibly_Venus),_part_of_the_Dionysus_mosaic_floor_in_S
      • Figure 306. Gemma Augustea, 1st century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: AndreasPraefcke, https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Gemma_Augustea_KHM_2010.jpg, public domain).
    • Neck ornaments
      • Figure 307. Soldiers in the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikimedia user: Jbribeiro1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic_of_Justinian_I_-_San_Vitale_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg,user: Jbribeiro1 CC
      • Figure 308. Ladies of the court in the mosaic of Theodora and her entourage at Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikipedia user: Petar Milošević, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Mosaic of Theodora-Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna,_Italy).jp
    • Earrings
      • Figure 309. Tondo showing the family of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, ca. 200 AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Soerfm,
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Septimusseverustondo.jpg public domain).
    • Arm and leg ornaments
    • Summary
  • Chapter 27
  • Head and neck coverings
    • The cap/Phrygian cap
    • Hairnets
      • Figure 310a. Bust of Attis as a child, wearing the Phrygian cap, Parian marble, 2nd century AD, probably during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (photo credited to Wikimedia User: Alexf, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg, public dom
      • Figure 310b. Banquet scene in a fresco from Herculaneum, Italy (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Yann,
      • https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sc%C3%A8ne_de_banquet,_fresque,_Herculanum.jpg, public domain).
      • Figure 311. Grave Stele with women with hairnet and jewelry (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Hian,
      • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: NAMA_St%C3%A8le_d%27H%C3%A8g%C3%A8s%C3%B4.jpg, CC-BY 2.0).
      • Figure 312. Female figure with gathered hair on a wall fresco from a pagan burial cave at Or Haner, 3rd century AD, now in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (photo credited to Shlomo Steinberg).
      • Figure 314. Fragment of Sousse mosaic depicting a naked fisherman with a hat, 3rd century AD (photo credited to wikimedia user: Ad Meskens, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sousse_mosaic_fisherman.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 313. Fragments of a golden hairnet displayed in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme Museum, 1st century AD, Rome (photo credited to wikipedia user: Butko https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hairnet made of finely woven gold wires, 1stcenturyAD, Pa
    • Pillbox and Petasus-type hats
    • Women’s wide-brimmed hats that concealed the hair
    • Maphorion
      • Figure 321a. A man wearing Petasus hat, Late 5th-4 th Centuries, Coinage of Kapsa, Macedon, Late 5th-4th centuries BC, Used with permission (CNG coin).
    • The palla
    • Women’s veils/scarves
    • Neck scarves
      • Figure 315. Procession of virgins in a wall mosaic in the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century AD (photo credited to wikipedia user: Chetstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo#/media/File: Sant_Apolli
      • Figure 316. Elijah and the widow of Zarepheth, Dura Europos synagogue, 3rd century AD (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Ddimplegurl90, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Elijah_and_widow_of_zarepheth.jpeg, public domain).
    • Summary
  • Chapter 28
  • Belts
    • Figure 317. Avar-Slav belt (reconstruction), ca. 560–800 AD (Photo credited to livius.org user: Jona Lendering,
      • https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/other-pictures/avar-slav-belt-reconstruction/, CCO 1.0 Universal).
      • Figure 317b. The belts of St. Stefan and Stefan Kobul, Javari , Georgia, 6th Century AD. Photo E.Shneurson.
  • Chapter 29
  • Shoes
    • Figure 318. Mosaic showing bathing sandals, from Sabratha, Libya, with the motto ‘A bath is good for you’, no date (photo credited to Wikipedia user: Hakeem.gadi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Public bath sign -_Sabratha_(cropped).jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0)
      • Figure 319. Shoes a.Calceus (photo credited to Wikimedia User: agnete, https://commons.Wikimedia.Org/wiki/user: agnete, Public Domain).
      • Figure 320. Caliga (A reproduction of a Roman caliga, photo credited to wikimedia user: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0).
      • Figure 320a. Buskin shoes (photo credited towikipedia user: Scott Foresman https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Buskin_(PSF).jpg, archives of Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation).
  • General summary
    • 1. Items of Clothing
  • Glossary
    • 2. Ornaments and Jewelry (Author’s typology)
  • Appendix
    • Catalogue of the mosaics and comparable works
  • Abbreviations
    • Ancient Literary Sources
  • Bibliography
    • References
  • Index

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