"The second edition is fully revised, expanded, and comprehensively updated with the most current knowledge about the full array of mental health issues seen in animals.Written by key opinion leaders, internationally-recognized experts and specialists, it is comprehensive covering basic principles to mental wellness, emotional distress, suffering and mental illness, through to measurement and treatment. With even more practical information and clinical pearls, this book remains invaluable to veterinary professionals, animal welfare researchers and advocates, and other animal caregivers"--.

• Mental Health and Well-being in Animals, 2 nd Edition
• Copyright
• Content
• Contributors List
• 1 Mental Health in Animals: A Veterinary Behaviorist’s View
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 What is Behavior and What is Mental Health?
    • 1.2.1 Behavior
    • 1.2.2 Mental health
    • 1.2.3 How do stress and anxiety factor into mental health and behavior?
  • 1.3 The Intersection of Mental Health and Behavior
    • 1.3.1 Systemic signs of poor mental health
    • 1.3.2 When does a change in behavior or mental state require intervention?
    • 1.3.3 How can we protect our pets from behavioral or mental health problems?
  • 1.4 Concluding Remarks
  • 1.5 References
• 2 The Problems with Well-being Terminology
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Similarities and Differences Between Well-being Concepts in Animals
    • 2.2.1 Common attributes among Well-being concepts in animals
      • Represents the individual’s perspective and perception
      • Based on the same philosophical frameworks
      • Based on a balance of pleasant versus unpleasant affect
      • A bipolar continuum phenomenon
      • Coping ability
      • Meeting of needs
      • Methods of measurement
      • General descriptions
    • 2.2.2 Distinctions between Well-being concepts
      • Distinctions in the human literature
      • Distinctions in the animal literature
        • temporality
        • physical, psychological, or both
        • predispositions, risks, and endangerment
        • objectivity
  • 2.3 Summary View of the Terminologyi n Animals
  • 2.4 Is There a Solution?
  • Notes
  • 2.4 References
• 3 The Philosophical and Biological Evolution of Feelings in Well-being
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Early History
  • 3.3 The Rise of Utilitarianism
  • 3.4 The Emergence of Animal Rights
  • 3.5 Utilitarianism or Animal Rights?
  • 3.6 The Science of Animal Welfare
  • 3.7 Understanding States of Suffering
  • 3.8 What About States of Pleasure?
  • 3.9 Gray Areas
  • 3.10 References
• 4 The Relationship Between Mental and Physical Health
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Mental and Physical Health
    • 4.2.1 Definitions
    • 4.2.2 Genetic influences
    • 4.2.3 Early life and epigenetic influences
    • 4.2.4 Environmental influences
  • 4.3 Resilience
  • 4.4 Evaluating Mental and Physical Health
  • 4.5 Biomarkers
  • 4.6 Improving Mental and Physical Health in Animals
  • 4.7 Concluding Remarks
  • 4.8 References
• 5 Moving Beyond a Problem-based Focus on Poor Animal Welfare Toward Creating Opportunities to Have Positive Welfare Experiences
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Problem-based Thinking and Investigation
    • 5.2.1 Early problem-based investigation of biological functioning
    • 5.2.2 A problem-based perspective on the Five Freedoms paradigm
  • 5.3 Limitations of the Five Freedoms Paradigm
  • 5.4 Biological Significance of Negative Affective Experiences
    • 5.4.1 Survival-related or survival-critical negative affects
    • 5.4.2 Situation-related negative affects
  • 5.5 Surviving or Thriving as Animal Management Objectives
    • 5.5.1 Survival – the minimalist approach
    • 5.5.2 Improving upon mere survival
    • 5.5.3 Rewarding behaviors that may contribute to animals thriving
  • 5.6 Five Domains Model for Animal Welfare Assessment
    • 5.6.1 General background trends in animal welfare understanding
    • 5.6.2 Formulation and evolution of the model
    • 5.6.3 Validating inferences about affect referred to in the model
      • Survival-critical negative affects
      • Situation-related negative affects
      • Situation-related positive affects
    • 5.6.4 Wide applications of the model
    • 5.6.5 An aide-memoire for sources of different affects identified using the model
  • 5.7 Positive Welfare Experiences and their Promotion
    • 5.7.1 ‘Positive affective engagement’ and ‘agency’
    • 5.7.2 Promoting opportunities for rewarding behaviors involving agency
    • 5.7.3 Importance of minimizing survival-critical negative affects
  • 5.8 Provisions and Welfare Aims that Promote Positive Experiences
  • 5.9 Managing Welfare Using the Provisions Guided by the Welfare Aims
  • 5.10 References
• 6 The Mental Health and Well-being Benefits of Personal Control in Animals
  • 6.1 Defining and Characterizing Control 1
  • 6.2 Locus of Control
  • 6.3 The Desirability of Control
  • 6.4 The Relationship of Control to Mental Health and Well-being
  • 6.5 Effects of Control in Animals
    • 6.5.1 How does control exert its beneficial effects?
  • 6.6 Predictability
  • 6.7 Effects of No Control: Learned Helplessness
  • 6.8 Implications and Practical Applications
    • 6.8.1 Enhancing control in animals
      • Event-specific versus general control
      • Individualizing the enhancement of control
    • 6.8.2 Methods for enhancing specific and general control
      • Enhancing control in early life
      • Immunizing against adverse effects of uncontrollability
      • Practical applications
    • 6.8.3 Therapeutic considerations
  • 6.9 Mental Health Implications
  • Notes
  • 6.10 References
• 7 Quality of Life of Animals in Veterinary Medical Practice
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Qualities of Quality of L ife
    • 7.2.1 Evaluative
    • 7.2.2 Broad
    • 7.2.3 Individualistic
    • 7.2.4 Mental
  • 7.3 QOL and Other Concepts: What QOL is Not (Only)
    • 7.3.1 Quality versus quantity
    • 7.3.2 Pain
    • 7.3.3 Health
    • 7.3.4 Relationships and instrumental value
  • 7.4 What Affects QOL
    • 7.4.1 Inputs and indicators
    • 7.4.2 Evaluating multiple inputs
  • 7.5 Using QOL
    • 7.5.1 Using proxy assessments
    • 7.5.2 Measuring quality of life
    • 7.5.3 Minimizing bias and error
    • 7.5.4 Tool validation
    • 7.5.5 Recognizing assessment limitations
  • 7.6 Applications of QOL Thinking
    • 7.6.1 Screening
    • 7.6.2 Assessment
    • 7.6.3 Predictions
    • 7.6.4 Treatment decisions
    • 7.6.5 Policy
    • 7.6.6 Communication
  • 7.7 References
• 8 The Mental Health and Well-being Benefits of Social Contact and Social Support in Animals
  • 8.1 Benefits of Social Support in Humans and Nonhuman Animals
    • 8.1.1 General fitness benefits
    • 8.1.2 Health benefits
      • Physical health
      • Mental health
  • 8.2 Social Support and Social Buffering in Animals
    • 8.2.1 How social support benefits mental health and well-being
      • Categorizing the effects of social support
        • stress-related versus nonstress-related effects
        • isolation-related and nonisolation-related stress
      • Alleviation of negative affect (including stress) of social separation or isolation
      • Buffering of nonsocial-isolation stress and adversity
        • infant and juvenile animals
        • adult animals
        • neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying social buffering
        • factors modulating the efficacy of social buffering
      • Promotion of positive affect
    • 8.2.2 The special case of dogs
  • 8.3 Concluding Remarks
  • Notes
  • 8.4 References
• 9 Subjective Well-being, Happiness, and Personality in Animals
  • 9.1 Background and Overview
  • 9.2 Psychological Constructs and Nomological Networks
  • 9.3 Chimpanzee Happiness
  • 9.4 Chimpanzee Happiness Revisited
  • 9.5 Other Species
  • 9.6 Other Connections
  • 9.7 Concluding Remarks
  • 9.8 References
• 10 Fostering Mental and Behavioral Wellness During Upbringing and Throughout Life
  • 10.1 Definitions and Terminology
    • 10.1.1 Mental health
    • 10.1.2 Behavioral health and mental health
    • 10.1.3 Stress and stressors
  • 10.2 Welfare and the Concept of Needs
    • 10.2.1 Avoiding negative emotional states
    • 10.2.2 Social companionship
    • 10.2.3 Mental stimulation
    • 10.2.4 Predictability
    • 10.2.5 Controllability
    • 10.2.6 Pleasurable experiences
  • 10.3 Development and Mental Welfare
    • 10.3.1 Genetic predispositions
    • 10.3.2 The Development of altricial mammals
  • 10.4 Environmental Influences on Behavior During Early Development
    • 10.4.1 Prenatal phase
    • 10.4.2 Neonatal phase
    • 10.4.3 Socialization phase in dogs
    • 10.4.4 Socialization phase in cats
    • 10.4.5 Broader meaning of ‘socialization’
    • 10.4.6 Adolescent phase in dogs
    • 10.4.7 Adolescent phase in rats and mice
  • 10.5 Recommendations for Improving the Mental Health of Young and Older Companion Animals
    • 10.5.1 Development of realistic expectations
    • 10.5.2 Understanding normal behavior
    • 10.5.3 Recognizing emotional states
    • 10.5.4 Meeting behavioral needs
    • 10.5.5 Limitations of specific recommendations
    • 10.5.6 Discovering what creates or enhances positive emotions
      • A Check Sheet for Making Your Pet Happy (Giving Her a Good Quality of Life)
    • 10.5.7 The limits to giving choices
  • 10.6 How Professionals Can Help
    • 10.6.1 Prevention of behavior problems
    • 10.6.2 Prevention of behavior problems
      • Informational Topics on Dog and Cat Behavior
    • 10.6.3 Resolving behavior problems
  • 10.7 Concluding Remarks
  • 10.8 References
• 11 What Is Distress? A Complex Answer to a Simple Question
  • 11.1 Current Conceptualizations of Distress
    • 11.1.1 Distress is extreme unpleasantness
    • 11.1.2 Distress is any unpleasantness
    • 11.1.3 Distress is any severity of certain mental disorders
    • 11.1.4 Distress is a specific, discrete, or basic emotion
  • 11.2 Key Considerations in Conceptualizing Distress
    • 11.2.1 The issue of consciousness
    • 11.2.2 The intensity/threshold question
    • 11.2.3 The question of whether distress is anything more or different than intense negative affect 1 (NA): whether distress differs qualitatively or only quantitatively from less intense NA
  • 11.3 Why is it Important to Clarify our Understanding of Distress?
  • 11.4 Limitations of Current Research-based Operational Definitions
    • 11.4.1 Distress is the state that occurs when an individual’s ability to cope or adapt to an aversive condition or event is exceeded
    • 11.4.2 Distress is the state that exists when stress responses lead to pathologic changes
    • 11.4.3 Distress is the state that exists when adversity leads to abnormal and maladaptive behaviors
    • 11.4.4 But is distress a negative, maladaptive, failed state?
  • 11.5 Homeostasis, Stress, and Distress
  • 11.6 Affect and Motivation as the Core Elements of Distress
  • 11.7 Comparing Distress and Suffering
    • 11.7.1 Definitions
    • 11.7.2 Specific characteristics
      • Extreme unpleasantness and identifying a cut-off point
      • Function
      • Eliciting affects retain their original character
      • Proposed causes
      • The connection with a sense of control
      • The question as to whether suffering differs qualitatively or only quantitatively from less intense NA
  • 11.8 Concluding Remarks
  • Note
  • 11.9 References
• 12 Suffering, Agency, and the Bayesian Mind 1
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Academic Usage of the Term ‘Suffering’
  • 12.3 Human Descriptions of Suffering
  • 12.4 Agency
  • 12.5 The Bayesian mind
    • 12.5.1 Bayes’ theorem and its application to pain
    • 12.5.2 Learning about pain
    • 12.5.3 The effects of pain on perception and cognition
    • 12.5.4 Suffering, agency, and the Bayesian mind
  • 12.6 Assessing Suffering in Animals
  • 12.7 Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • Note
  • 12.8 References
• 13 Mental Illness in Animals: Diagnostic Considerations Using Selected Mental Disorders
  • 13.1 Approaching Complex Situations
  • 13.2 What is a Diagnosis?
  • 13.3 Understanding Different Levels of Mechanistic Interaction
    • 13.3.1 The evolving story of impulse control aggression
    • 13.3.2 Separation anxiety and noise reactivity/phobia
    • 13.3.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dogs and cats – a case study in variation and the emergent story of putative underlying mechanisms
  • 13.4 Concluding Remarks
  • 13.5 References
• 14 Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Psychopathology in Animals
  • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.1.1 Indistinct concepts and terminology
    • 14.1.2 What is psychological trauma?
    • 14.1.3 Psychological trauma: Considerations when comparing humans and animals
      • Language and cognitive barriers
      • Historical information
      • Information about subjective experiences
  • 14.2 Adaptive Fear Responses
  • 14.3 Posttraumatic Psychopathology in Humans and Animals
    • 14.3.1 Posttraumatic stress
      • Posttraumatic stress disorder
        • neurobiology and pathophysiology of ptsd
        • posttraumatic stress disorder in animals Animal – Experimental
        • Animal – Clinical
        • Peer-reviewed reports
        • Nonreviewed reports
        • Canine PTSD
        • Does PTSD occur in animals?
    • 14.3.2 Posttraumatic phobias – Specific phobia
    • 14.3.3 Generalized anxiety disorder
    • 14.3.4 Depression and ‘learned helplessness’
    • 14.3.5 Trauma-related compulsive behaviors (obsessive-compulsive disorder, stereotypies)
  • 14.4 Psychological Conditions/States that may Resemble and/or Coexist with Psychological Trauma
    • 14.4.1 Inadequate socialization
    • 14.4.2 Stress-induced dishabituation
  • 14.5 Moderating Factors for Psychological Trauma: Risk and Resilience
    • 14.5.1 Characteristics of the stressor
    • 14.5.2 Characteristics of the experiencer
      • Genetics
      • Early life adversity
      • ‘Stress inoculation’
      • Sense of control (internal locus of control)
      • Social support (social buffering)
      • Overlaps in factors associated with risk and resilience
  • 14.6 Challenges in Distinguishing and Diagnosing Posttraumatic Psychological Disorders in Animals
    • 14.6.1 Necessary distinctions in diagnosis
      • Distinguishing trauma history from no trauma history
      • Distinguishing among the spectrum of posttraumatic disorders (e.g., PTS, GAD, phobia, depression)
      • Distinguishing PTSD from subthreshold PTSD (distinguishing levels of the PTS continuum)
    • 14.6.2 Diagnostic methods
  • 14.7 Rehabilitation and Treatment: Healing Psychological Trauma
    • 14.7.1 Treatment principles and goals
      • Cognitive behavioral therapy
      • Pharmacotherapy
    • 14.7.2 Treatment in animals
  • Note
  • 14.8 References
• 15 Cognitive and Emotional Disorders in the Aging Pet
  • 15.1 The Clinical Picture
    • 15.1.1 Characteristics of cognitive dysfunction syndrome
    • 15.1.2 Prevalence
    • 15.1.3 Progression
    • 15.1.4 Risk factors
  • 15.2 Evaluation: Identifying Welfare Concerns
    • 15.2.1 Pathophysiology
    • 15.2.2 Diagnosis
    • 15.2.3 Comorbidity with affective disorders
  • 15.3 Treatment: Addressing Welfare Concerns
    • 15.3.1 Enrichment
    • 15.3.2 Nutraceuticals
    • 15.3.3 Prescription diets
    • 15.3.4 Prescription pharmacotherapy ( Table 15.4)
    • 15.3.5 Symptom-based anxiolysis
  • 15.4 Concluding Remarks
  • 15.5 References
• 16 Mental Health Issues in Farm Animals: A Music Mixing Board Model of Behavioral Characteristics Using the Panksepp Emotional System
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 When Fearfulness is Reduced, Other Personality Traits Become Evident
  • 16.3 Panksepp Emotional System
  • 16.4 Music Mixing Board of the Seven Panksepp Emotional Traits
  • 16.5 The Fear Factor
  • 16.6 Fear Circuits in the Brain
  • 16.7 Good First Experiences are Important
  • 16.8 Sensory Basis and Specificity of Fear Memories in Animals
  • 16.9 Handling Training
  • 16.10 The Paradox of Novelty
  • 16.11 The Need for Novelty
  • 16.12 Intensive vs Intensive Environment
  • 16.13 Concluding Remarks
  • 6.14 References
• 17 Mental Health Issues in the Horse
  • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.1.1 Coping in the domestic environment and mental health
    • 17.1.2 Maladaptive versus malfunctional responses
  • 17.2 Evolutionarily Natural Challenges Impacting on Mental Health
    • 17.2.1 Fears, frustrations, and anxieties
    • 17.2.2 Separation anxiety
    • 17.2.3 Pain
  • 17.3 Unmet Evolutionary Expectations Impacting on Mental Health
    • 17.3.1 Boredom
  • 17.4 Novel Domestic Challenges Impacting on Mental Health
    • 17.4.1 Insoluble tasks
    • 17.4.2 Unresolved conflicts associated with equitation
    • 17.4.3 Lack of social support
    • 17.4.4 Cognitive dysfunction and associated problems
  • 17.5 Concluding Remarks
  • 17.6 References
• 18 Mental Health Issues in Shelter Animals
  • 18.1 Background
  • 18.2 Relinquishment Reasons with Mental Well-being Implications
  • 18.3 Shelter Environment Aspects with Mental Well-being Implications
    • 18.3.1 Shelter environment and ‘overall’ welfare
    • 18.3.2 Ontogeny in a shelter environment
  • 18.4 Psychological Environment
    • 18.4.1 Hyperarousal and frustration
    • 18.4.2 Anhedonia and helplessness
  • 18.5 Personality, Coping Styles, and Individual Differences
  • 18.6 Recommendations
    • 18.6.1 Agency, or, ‘behavioral engineering’ revisited
    • 18.6.2 Predictability
  • 18.7 Concluding Remarks
  • 18.8 References
• 19 The Mental Health of Laboratory Animals
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 Regulatory and Historical Context
  • 19.3 Animal Welfare and Animal Research Data: How One Influences the Other
  • 19.4 Stress, Distress, and Laboratory Animals
  • 19.5 Opportunities and Considerations for the Improvement of Well-Being in Laboratory Animals
    • 19.5.1 The physical environment
      • Temperature
      • Noise and vibration
      • Light
    • 19.5.2 The social environment
    • 19.5.3 Human–animal interactions in the laboratory
    • 19.5.4 Pain and laboratory animals
    • 19.5.5 Environmental enrichment
  • 19.6 Concluding Remarks
  • 19.7 Acknowledgment
  • 19.8 References
• 20 Mental Health Issues in Captive Birds
  • 20.1 Species Diversity
  • 20.2 Mental States and Experiences of Birds
  • 20.3 Importance of Social Interactions
  • 20.4 Pair Bonding
  • 20.5 Predictable Environments
  • 20.6 Developmental Factors
  • 20.7 Foraging Opportunities
  • 20.8 Photoperiod, Lighting, and Sleep Deprivation
  • 20.9 Consequences of Poor Mental Health
    • 20.9.1 Feather picking and self-mutilation
    • 20.9.2 Screaming and excessive vocalization
    • 20.9.3 Aggression problems
    • 20.9.4 Territorial aggression
    • 20.9.5 Fear aggression
    • 20.9.6 Play aggression, inappropriate mouthing, and lack of bite inhibition
    • 20.9.7 Reproductive causes of aggressive behavior
    • 20.9.8 Dominance in psittacine birds
    • 20.9.10 Enhancing the Quality of Care for Captive Birds
  • 20.11 References
• 21 Psychological Well-being in Zoo Animals
  • 21.1 Abnormal Behaviors in Zoo Animals
  • 21.2 Challenges Particular to Zoo Animals
  • 21.3 Positive Affective States and Well-being
  • 21.4 The Importance of Keeper–Animal Relationships for Psychological Well-being
  • 21.5 Tools for Enhancing Psychological Well-being: Positive Reinforcement Training
  • 21.6 Tools for Enhancing Psychological Well-being: Environmental Enrichment
  • 21.7 Multi-institutional Research in Zoos
  • 21.8 Concluding Remarks
  • 21.9 References
• 22 Mental Health Issues in Captive Cetaceans
  • 22.1 Introduction
  • 22.2 Who are Cetaceans and What Do They Need to Thrive?
    • 22.2.1 Evolutionary history and phylogeny
    • 22.2.2 Brain size and complexity
      • Cerebral development
      • The limbic system and emotional regulation
      • Sensory systems
    • 22.2.3 Psychology and behavioral adaptations
    • 22.2.4 How well are these needs met in captivity?
  • 22.3 The Effects of Chronic Stress on Mental (and Physical) Health
    • 22.3.1 Behavioral abnormalities
      • Stereotypies
      • Self-harm
      • Hyperaggression
      • Inadequate maternal attachment and care
      • Depression and the question of suicide
  • 22.4 The Use of Psychotropic Drugs to Treat Mental Illness in Captive Cetaceans
  • 22.5 Concluding Remarks
  • 22.6 Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • 22.7 References
• 23 Assessing Affective States in Animals
  • 23.1 Introduction: Mental Health, Well-being and Emotional States
  • 23.2 What is Animal Emotion: Consciousness and Concepts
    • 23.2.1 Emotions as conscious subjective experiences: a potential barrier to their study in animals?
    • 23.2.2 Discrete emotions and the dimensional view of emotion
    • 23.2.3 Translating discrete and dimensional concepts to animals
  • 23.3 Animal Emotion Terminology
  • 23.4 From Animal Emotion Concepts to Animal Emotion Assessment
  • 23.5 Assessing Animal Affect: New Developments in the Use of Expressive Behavior and Cognitive Markers
    • 23.5.1 Expressive behavior
      • Facial expressions
      • Vocalizations
      • Qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA)
      • Conclusions
    • 23.5.2 Cognitive markers of affective valence
      • Anticipatory behavior
      • Lateralization
      • Cognitive bias
      • Conclusions
  • 23.6 Concluding Remarks
  • 23.7 Acknowledgments
  • 23.8 References
• 24 Treatment of Emotional Distress and Disorders – Nonpharmacologic Methods
  • 24.1 Components of Treatment
  • 24.2 Treatment Options for Distress-Related Behaviors
    • 24.2.1 Flooding or implosion therapy
    • 24.2.2 Desensitization and counterconditioning
      • Desensitization alone
      • Counterconditioning alone
        • classical counterconditioning.
        • operant counterconditioning.
        • voluntary and involuntary behavior.
    • 24.2.3 Which procedure is best?
    • 24.2.4 Procedural considerations
      • Ease of use
      • Session duration and frequency
      • Choice of reinforcement
      • Maintenance
  • 24.3 Adjunct Treatment Options
    • 24.3.1 Social buffering
    • 24.3.2 Competing response training
    • 24.3.3 Backward chaining
    • 24.3.4 Clicker training/shaping by successive approximations
    • 24.3.5 Pressure–release
    • 24.3.6 Predictability and control
  • 24.4 Concluding Remarks
  • 24.5 References
• 25 Treatment of Emotional Distress and Disorders – Pharmacologic Methods
  • 25.1 Why Use Medications?
  • 25.2 Decisions to Use Medication: Legal, Ethical, and Cost Issues
    • 25.2.1 The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)
    • 25.2.2 Cost
    • 25.2.3 Medicating the patient
  • 25.3 Fast-acting Medications
    • 25.3.1 Benzodiazepines
    • 25.3.2 Trazodone
    • 25.3.3 Sympatholytics
      • Dexmedetomidine
      • Propanolol
    • 25.3.4 Opioid antagonists
    • 25.3.5 Antipsychotics
      • Acepromazine
      • Haloperidol
    • 25.3.6 CNS stimulants
    • 25.3.7 Gabapentin
    • 25.3.8 Hormones
      • Oxytocin
      • Progestins
  • 25.4 Long-term or Maintenance Medications
    • 25.4.1 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
    • 25.4.2 Tricyclic antidepressants
    • 25.4.3 Azapirones: buspirone
    • 25.4.4 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • 25.5 Changing and Combining Medications for Optimal Well-being
  • 25.6 References
• Index