Planetary Health - the idea that human health and the health of the environment are inextricably linked - promotes the preservation of natural systems for the benefit of human health. This book reviews the varied approaches to the subject, as well as providing case study chapters on the main links between human health and environmental change.

• Planetary Health Human Health in an Era of Global Environmental Change
• Copyright
• Contents
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Foreword
  • Reference
• 1 Introduction to Planetary Health
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Human Health and the Environment
  • 1.3 Human Health and Environmental Change
  • 1.4 A Systems Approach to Planetary Health
    • Adaptation and transformation
    • Identifying precursors for adaptation and transformation
  • 1.5 Conclusions
  • References
• 2 Key Concepts in Planetary Health
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Humanity is Changing the Earth
    • The Anthropocene
    • The Great Acceleration
  • 2.3 Beyond Earth’s Natural Limits
    • The Limits to Growth
    • Planetary boundaries
    • Global footprints
    • Sustainable Development Goals
  • 2.4 Re-evaluating Humanity’s Relationship with Nature
    • Gaia theory
    • Deep time
    • Natural capital
  • 2.5 Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 3 The Evolutionary Biology Approach: a Natural Baseline for Human Health
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Establishing a Natural Baseline
  • 3.3 Infection and Illness
  • 3.4 Evolution and Energy Requirements
  • 3.5 Hormone Exposure
  • 3.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 4 The Natural Capital Approach: Opportunities and Challenges
  • 4.1 The Value of Nature
  • 4.2 Natural Capital and Sustainability
  • 4.3 Systems, Geography and Time
  • 4.4 The Valuation Problem
  • 4.5 Urgency and Terms of Office: the Political Dilemma
  • 4.6 Natural Capital and Human Health
  • 4.7 Conclusions
  • References
• 5 The One Earth Approach: Planetary Health in an Era of Limits
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Kinship with Creation
  • 5.3 The Challenge of Wicked Dilemmas
  • 5.4 The Challenges of Modernization and Sustainability
  • 5.5 Health as an Integrated Component of the Ecosystem
  • 5.6 A Land–ancestor–descendant Ethic for Planetary Health
  • References
• 6 The Transhuman Approach: Technoscience and Nature
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Areas of Synergy and Opportunities
  • 6.3 Potential Challenges and Conflicts
  • 6.4 Two Critiques of Transhumanism from the Perspective of Planetary Health
    • Whom does transhumanism benefit?
    • Class and race in transhumanism
  • 6.5 What is the Ecological Cost of Transhumanism?
  • 6.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 7 Trends in Human Health
  • 7.1 Human Health and the Natural Environment
  • 7.2 Regional Inequalities in Health
  • 7.3 Economic Development and Health
  • 7.4 Three Key Transitions in Human Development
  • References
• 8 The Demographic Transition
  • 8.1 Population Changes over Time
  • 8.2 Population Increase and Planetary Health
  • 8.3 Stages of the Demographic Transition
  • References
• 9 The Epidemiological Transition
  • 9.1 The Three Stages of Epidemiological Transition
  • 9.2 The Main Classes of Disease Types
  • 9.3 Disease Risk and Relationship to Income
  • 9.4 Group I Diseases: Infection, Malnutrition and Childbirth
    • New infectious disease and disease spread
    • Antibiotic resistance
  • 9.5 Group II Diseases: Non-communicable Diseases and Lifestyles
    • Health into old age
  • 9.6 Group III: Conflict, Accidents and Disasters
  • 9.7 Increasing Exposure to Risk Factors
  • Note
  • References
• 10 The Ecological Transition
  • 10.1 Redefining our Place within Nature
  • 10.2 The Need for Better Environmental Stewardship
  • 10.3 The Ecological Transition and Human Health
  • 10.4 Long-term Benefits of Engaging with Nature
  • 10.5 Conclusions
  • References
• 11 Agriculture: Land Use, Food Systems and Biodiversity
  • 11.1 Farming and Human Progress
  • 11.2 Scale of Land Conversion and Land Use Change
    • Agriculture and water resources
    • Improving agricultural yields
  • 11.3 Livestock and Greenhouse Gases
  • 11.4 Biodiversity: Less Diverse Ecosystems and Health
    • The biosphere, habitats and biomes
    • Rate of biodiversity loss
    • Intensive agriculture and monoculture
    • Monoculture and dietary diversity
  • 11.5 Plant-derived Medicines
  • 11.6 Loss of Habitat and Zoonotic Disease Spread
  • 11.7 Land Use and Ecosystem Services
  • References
• 12 Urbanization, Living Standards and Sustainability
  • 12.1 The Urbanization of Planet Earth
  • 12.2 The Urban Environment and the Urban Penalty
  • 12.3 Urban Health, Development and Demographics
  • 12.4 The Benefits of Urbanization
  • 12.5 Health and Urban Infrastructure
  • 12.6 Urbanization and Sustainability
  • 12.7 Conclusions
  • References
• 13 Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming
  • 13.1 Energy: the Driver of Human Progress
  • 13.2 Increasing Rates of Energy Use
  • 13.3 Energy Use and Population Numbers
  • 13.4 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
    • Increasing world temperatures
  • 13.5 Climate Change and Health
    • Increased temperature and heat stress
  • 13.6 Temperature Rise and Extreme Weather Events
  • 13.7 Increasing Temperatures and Disease
  • 13.8 Climate Change, Food Systems and Nutrient Balance
  • 13.9 Health Impacts of Ocean Acidification, Sea Level Rise and Ocean Warming
  • 13.10 Conclusions
  • References
• 14 Environmental Protection: a Key Tool for Planetary Health
  • 14.1 Environmental Contamination
  • 14.2 Air, Water, Land and Occupational Hazards
  • 14.3 The Health Impact of Pollution
  • 14.4 Air Quality Impacts
  • 14.5 Industrialization and Manufacturing
    • Neurotoxins and endocrine disruptors
    • Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
  • 14.6 Chemical Pollution to Water Supplies
  • 14.7 Preventing Pollution
  • Note
  • References
• 15 Conclusions: Equity, Distribution and Planetary Health
  • 15.1 Changing Times, Changing Challenges
  • 15.2 The Uneven Distribution of Environmental Degradation
  • 15.3 In-country Inequality
  • 15.4 Managing the Pace of Change
  • 15.5 Demographic Impacts
  • 15.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 16 Climate Change, Land Use and Waterborne Infectious Disease
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Infectious Disease Transmission
  • 16.3 Anthroponoses
    • Direct transmission
    • Indirect transmission
  • 16.4 Zoonoses
    • Direct transmission
    • Indirect transmission
  • 16.5 Types of Environmental Change
    • Irrigation
    • Urbanization
    • Climate change
  • 16.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 17 Sanitation, Clean Energy and Fertilizer
  • 17.1 Sanitation and Health
  • 17.2 Sanitation for the Environment
  • 17.3 A Source of Natural Fertilizer
  • 17.4 Biogas and Clean Energy from Waste
  • 17.5 Cultural Challenges to Sanitation
  • 17.6 Sanitation Infrastructure and Public Policy
  • 17.7 Conclusions
  • References
• 18 Trees, Well-being and Urban Greening
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Trees and Urban Heat
  • 18.3 Trees, Physical Inactivity and Obesity
  • 18.4 Trees and Well-being
  • 18.5 Trees and Air Pollution
  • 18.6 Trees and PM Air Pollution
  • 18.7 Health Impacts of Tree Loss
  • References
• 19 Livestock, Antibiotics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 Livestock Impacts: the Full Cost of Food
  • 19.3 The Future of Livestock
  • 19.4 Land Use Changes: Cropland, Grazing and Biodiversity
  • 19.5 Livestock Impact on GHG Emissions
  • 19.6 Use of Antibiotics in Livestock
  • 19.7 Transmission and Rates of Zoonotic Disease
  • 19.8 Impact Competition: Interactions and Trade-offs
  • 19.9 Addressing the Challenges
  • 19.10 Potential Paths of Action: Impacts, Trade-offs and Potential Co-benefits
  • 19.11 Conclusions
  • References
• Index