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This book is the most recent collection of research and scientific literature exclusively dedicated to lime (Rutaceae) culture and the marketplace. The coverage of each subject area is broad, ranging from basic cultivation practices to postharvest handling to uses, which makes it the best choice for amateurs and professionals alike. Chapter 1 emphasizes lime importance and global production, while chapter 2 covers its comprehensive systematic classification and distribution. In chapter 3, lime breeding, genetics and biodiversity are discussed; and in chapter 4, lime tree growth, development and reproductive physiology are elaborated. In chapter 5, propagation techniques, nursery production and certification are explained, while in chapter 6, schematic planning for lime orchard establishment is discussed. In chapter 7, crop water requirements, irrigation systems and fertigation are highlighted; and in chapter 8, cultural practices, e.g. tree pruning, thinning, weeding, planting density and intercropping, are covered. In chapter 9, precision agriculture in lime is elaborated; and in chapter 10, insect pests and diseases and their control measures are covered. In chapter 11, innovative production technologies, e.g. the use of plant growth regulators, remote sensing and organic production systems, are highlighted. In Chapter 12, harvesting and postharvest management of lime fruit are emphasized; and in chapter 13, the uses (folk to modern) and future dynamics are discussed in depth. With the latest information presented in simple language, this book will appeal to a range of principal users, e.g. educators, researchers, students, agriculture extension workers, farming communities, industry personnel and professionals/practitioners.
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Table of Contents
- The Lime: Botany, Production and Uses
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- About the Editors
- 1 Introduction and Overview of Lime
- History, Origin and Distribution
- Global Lime Production
- Plant Description
- Propagation
- Cultivars
- ‘Everglade’
- ‘Kaghzi’
- ‘Palmetto’
- ‘Yung’
- Pests and Diseases
- Uses of Lime
- Fruit uses
- Tree uses
- Challenges and Future Perspectives
- About this Book
- References
- 2 Systematic Classification, Distribution and Botany
- Botany
- Systematic Classification of Limes
- Early taxonomy of limes
- Biochemical and molecular studies
- Sour and sweet limes
- Major groups of cultivated limes
- Parentage of Limes
- Distribution
- Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle)
- Persian lime (C. latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka)
- Palestine sweet lime: Citrus limettioides Tan.
- Australian lime
- Australian finger lime
- Australian round lime
- Sydney hybrid
- Australian desert lime
- Rangpur lime
- Calamondin (Musk lime)
- Kaffir lime
- Other lime hybrids
- Limetta
- Lemonimes (lemon × lime hybrids)
- Limequat
- Blood lime and other Australian limes
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 3 Advances in Lime Breeding and Genetics
- Introduction
- Germplasm Resources and Biodiversity
- Lime cultivars
- West Indian/Key lime/Mexican lime/Kaghzi nimbu
- Tahiti lime/Persian lime/Bearss lime
- Bearss seedless
- Australian finger lime
- Lime hybrids
- Cultivar Improvement through Breeding and Genetics
- Rootstock and scion improvement
- Criteria for scion improvement
- Criteria for rootstock improvement
- Development of improved cultivars by different techniques
- Somatic hybridization
- Cytogenetics
- Polyploidy
- Use of biotechnology and genetic engineering for improvement of acid limes
- Fruit quality
- Stress tolerance
- Genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes
- Marker assisted selections
- Rootstock and scion improvement
- Germplasm conservation
- Future Perspectives
- References
- 4 Growth, Development and Reproductive Physiology of the Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm (Swingle))
- Introduction
- Branches
- Types of buds
- Leaves
- Lime Tree Phenology
- Vegetative sprouting
- Flower sprouting
- Fruit development
- Fruit maturation
- Lime Flowering Management
- References
- 5 Propagation and Nursery Certification
- Introduction
- Propagation Methods
- Sexual propagation
- Seed extraction
- Seed storage
- Seed sowing and pre-sowing seed treatment
- Care of nursery plants
- Asexual propagation
- Grafting
- Cuttings
- Layering
- Propagation through tissue culture
- Establishment of aseptic cultures
- Multiplication of propagula
- Preparation for re-establishment of plants in the soil
- Culture environment
- Nursery Production Systems, Registration and Certification
- Nursery production systems
- Foundation block
- Rootstock seedling production
- Sanitation practices
- Propagation (grafting and microbudding)
- Nursery registration and certification
- Recent Trends and Future Directions
- References
- 6 Planning and Orchard Establishment
- Site Selection
- Soil requirements and reclamation practices
- Land use history
- Temperature requirements
- Location, labour, transportation and other utilities
- Topography and land preparation
- Water quality and quantity
- Selection of Rootstock and Scion Cultivars
- Rootstocks
- Scion cultivars
- Orchard Design
- Plant spacing and layout systems
- Square and quincunx systems
- Rectangular and triangular systems
- Single and double hedge row systems and high-density plantations (HDP)
- Hexagonal system
- Contour system
- Irrigation Systems
- Digging and Refilling of Pits
- Selection and Planting of the Plant Material
- Post-planting Care
- Orchard Hygiene
- References
- 7 Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Lime Trees
- Introduction
- Irrigation Management
- Micro Irrigation-based Fertigation
- Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints
- Deficiency symptoms as markers of diagnosis
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Iron
- Manganese
- Copper
- Zinc
- Boron
- Molybdenum
- Leaf analysis as a diagnostic tool
- Sampling index leaves
- Soil type: Vertic Ustochrept
- Soil type: Typic Haplustert
- Leaf position
- Leaf nutrient norms
- Soil fertility norms
- Optimum fertilizer requirement
- References
- 8 Cultural Practices
- Planting Density
- Pruning
- Types of pruning
- Tree training
- Cleaning pruning
- Tree size control
- Rejuvenation pruning
- Weed Management
- Competition critical period
- Weed management types
- Mechanical management
- Green manure and mulching
- Chemical control
- Intercropping
- Fertilizer Management
- Soil analysis
- Leaf analysis
- Correction of soil acidity – liming
- Planting and young tree fertilization
- Fertilization of mature trees
- Nutrient importance
- Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
- Micronutrients
- References
- 9 Precision Agriculture in Lime: Potential for Application of Precision Agriculture Technologies in Lime Cropping Systems
- Introduction
- Precision Agriculture Technologies
- Soil and Crop Variability in Spatial and Temporal Dimensions
- Management of Spatial Variability to Optimize Crop Productivity
- Map based management for variable rate applications
- Sensor-based management
- Benefits of Precision Agriculture in the Lime Group
- Summary
- References
- 10 Plant Protection: Lime Diseases and Insect Pests
- Acid Lime Diseases
- Citrus tristeza virus
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Transmission
- Management
- Witches’ broom disease of lime
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Transmission
- Management
- Citrus canker
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Management
- Citrus canker
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Management
- Huanglongbing (greening)
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Transmission
- Management
- Gummosis and foot/root rot
- Symptoms
- Causal agents
- Management
- Lime anthracnose
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Management
- Melanose
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Management
- Citrus scab
- Symptoms
- Causal agent
- Management
- Citrus tristeza virus
- Acid Lime Pests
- Leafhopper – Hishimonus phycitis (Distant 1908) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- Asian citrus psyllid – Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- Whitefly – Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- Citrus leaf miner – Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton 1856) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- Citrus thrips – Scirtothrips citri (Moulton 1909) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- Brown citrus aphid – Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy 1907) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
- Occurrence
- Biology and description
- Damage
- Control methods
- References
- Leafhopper – Hishimonus phycitis (Distant 1908) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
- Acid Lime Diseases
- 11 Innovative Production Technologies
- Digital Agriculture
- Remote Sensing Technology in Citrus Groves
- Scope of Robotics in Production of Limes
- Use of Nanoparticles in Citrus Production
- Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Plan
- Irrigation Decisions and Integrated Nutrient Management
- Soil fertilization
- Innovative Fertilizer Application Techniques in Citrus
- Foliar Nutrition
- Leaf age, turgor and foliar nutrition
- Nutrient deficiency and efficiency of foliar nutrition
- External factors affecting foliar nutrition
- Synthetic Plant Growth Stimulants and Their Use in Citrus
- Application of plant growth regulators in citrus nurseries
- PGRs and tree growth
- Effect of PGRs on flowering
- Fruit retention, fruit size and tree yield
- Good Agricultural Practices in Lime Plantations
- Organic Production of Limes
- Extent of production and economic considerations
- Production methods and soil quality
- Pest management: weeds, insects, diseases
- Conclusions and Considerations for Future Research
- References
- 12 Harvesting and Post-harvest Management
- Fruit Maturity and Grade Standards
- Fruit maturity indices
- Grade standards
- Post-harvest Physiology
- Respiration rate and ethylene production
- Colour metabolism
- Sugars
- Flavonoids
- Acids
- Harvesting Methods and Techniques
- Hand harvest
- Mechanical harvesting
- Field handling
- Post-harvest Pack House Operations
- Initial inspection and bin dumping
- Trash elimination
- Washing
- Fungicide treatments
- Waxing
- Drying
- Labelling and packaging
- Post-harvest Treatments
- Pre-cooling
- Transportation
- Cold storage
- Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage
- Evaporative cold storage
- Low pressure storage
- Edible coatings
- Hot water treatment
- Other storage options
- Post-harvest Disorders and Diseases
- Chilling injury
- Degreening
- Oil spotting
- Stylar end breakdown
- Blue and green mould
- Stem end rot
- Conclusions and Future Prospects
- References
- 13 Traditional/Commercial Uses and Future Dynamics
- Introduction
- Chemistry
- Chemical Composition
- Phytochemistry
- Lime Processing and Value Addition
- Uses
- Culinary uses
- Traditional medical uses
- Anti-microbial activity
- Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity
- Anti-oxidant activity
- Anti-proliferative effects
- Pharmacological Activities
- Scurvy
- Skin care
- Digestion
- Constipation
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
- Peptic ulcers
- Respiratory disorders
- Arthritis
- Eye care
- Fever
- Gout
- Piles
- Cholera
- Weight loss
- Urinary disorders
- Cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects
- Tumour promoting effects
- Industrial Products of Lime
- Lime fruit juice
- Lime essential oils
- Limeade
- Lemon-lime drinks
- Jam, jelly and pickle of lime
- References
- Index
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