"In light of the changes that the Kurds and the countries in the Middle East are undergoing, The Kurds in the Middle East: Enduring Problems and New Dynamics provides a comprehensive analysis of the Kurdish-state relations in the four key Middle Eastern countries"--.

• Cover
• The Kurds in the Middle East
• Series page
• The Kurds in the Middle East: Enduring Problems and New Dynamics
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Section I: Continuity and Change in Turkey’s Kurdish Question
  • Chapter 1
  • Kurdish Political Representation in Turkey
    • Kurdish Descriptive Representation through the Center-Right Turkish Political Parties
    • The Rise of the Pro-Kurdish Democratic Movement
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 2
  • Kurdish Public Opinion in Turkey
    • Framing Kurds and Kurdish Conflict
    • From Broken Promises to Denial
    • Recognition with a Stick
    • AKP Era: Hope and Hopelessness
    • The Kurdish Street and Cultural and Political Rights
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 3
  • The Political Economy of Turkey’s Kurdish Question
    • The Deformation of Ottoman Kurdistan and Bordering Regions: De-development in ESA from the First World War until the 1980 Coup (1914–1980)
    • The Armenian Genocide of 1915 and the Forced Deportation of Ottoman Kurds in 1916: An Economic Catastrophe
    • Society, Economics and Politics in the Republican People’s Party Era (1923–1950): Consolidation of the “National Economy” and the “Reform” of the East (1923–1929)
    • The Great Depression, the Second World War, and the End of the Republican Era (1929–1950)
    • Transition to a Turbulent Democracy and “Incorporation” of ESA (1950–1980)
    • Incorporation of the Kurdish Elite
    • Agriculture-Led Growth
    • Crisis of Agriculture-Led Growth
    • Systematic Denial of the Kurds
    • Restoration of the Status Quo Ante and the Failed Promise of Land Reform
    • Intensification of Regional Inequalities and Massive Underdevelopment of the Kurdish Region
    • Derisory Public and Private Investment
    • Unbalanced Sectoral Distribution of Public Investment
    • Stunted Industrial and Agricultural Development
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
• Section II: Continuity and Change in Syria
  • Chapter 4
  • The Evolution of Rojava
    • Variations of Rojava
    • Tools of State-building: War, Education, and Maps
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 5
  • Non-State Actors and Governance
    • Syrian State and the Kurds: Invisible People
    • From Rebellion to the Reappropriation of State Power
    • Constructing Non-State Governance
    • Administration
    • Security: Justice, Military, and Police
    • Legitimization
    • Diplomacy and War in Rojava
    • Conclusion: Feasibility and Challenges
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 6
  • Continuity and Change in Syrian Kurdistan
    • Background
    • The Revolution in Rojava
    • Foreign Relations of Rojava: Curse or Opportunity?
    • Syrian Opposition, the Kurds, and the Assad Regime
    • Conclusion: Prospects for Rojava
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 7
  • Evolution of Kurdish-Led Administrations in Northern Syria
    • The Rojava Revolution and West Kurdistan
    • From the Rojava System to Federalism
    • New North and East Syria Administration
    • Concluding Remarks
    • Notes
    • References
• Section III: Continuity and Change in Iraq-Kurdish Relations
  • Chapter 8
  • The Kurdish Question
    • Pre-WWI History: Kurds in the Ottoman Empire
    • The Kurdish Question in Iraq
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 9
  • Making Sense of Iraqi Kurdistan’s Civil War of the 1990s
    • The Tortured History of Land Tenure in Iraq Kurdistan
    • The Illusive Dream of Land Reform (1958–1983)
    • Saddam’s Land Reform by Death and Destruction: The Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan Region
    • Ghosts of the Far and Near Past: Kurdistan Agrarian Communities in Post 1991 Gulf War
    • On the Definition of Insanity
    • Notes
    • References
• Section IV: Continuity and Change in Iran–Kurdish Relations
  • Chapter 10
  • A Contemporary Political History of the Kurds in Iran
    • Persian Nation-Building in Iran
    • The Establishment of the Republic of Kurdistan in 1946
    • The Military Struggle of the 1980s
    • The Civil Struggle of the Kurds since 1990
    • Changing Political Strategy to Escape another Military Defeat
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 11
  • Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou and the Kurdish Resistance in Iran
    • Suppression of Kurdish Identity
    • Ghassemlou’s Cultural and Political Background
    • Political Vision
    • The Iranian Revolution
    • Adept, Approachable, and Compassionate Leader
    • Holy War against the Kurds
    • Time for Dialogue
    • Relations with Iraqi Regime
    • Dialogue with the Islamic Republic
    • State Terrorism
    • Current Dynamics in Iranian Kurdistan
    • Notes
    • References
• Section V: Imagining Kurdistan from Abroad
  • Chapter 12
  • Diaspora Identity, Collective Memory, and Artistic Expression
    • Methodology
    • Diasporas and Collective Memory
    • Kurdistan in Germany
    • Envisioning a Kurdish Exhibit in Germany
    • Splintered Kurdish Communities in the United States
    • Kurdish Activism and Art in the United States
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 13
  • Diasporic Narratives of Assimilation and Resistance
    • Crafting National Sameness through Assimilation
    • Outlawing and Dehumanizing Kurdish Identity
    • Internalizing Kurdish Subjugation and Turkish Superiority
    • Limits and Possibilities of Diasporic Resistance
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Chapter 14
  • Return Mobilities of Highly Skilled Young British Kurdish People to Kurdistan
    • Methodology and Background Information
    • Theoretical Debate on Return Migration and Return Mobilities
    • From Displacement to Return Mobilities
    • Diasporas and Return Mobilities: The Kurdish Context
    • Motivations and a Typology of Return Mobilities
    • Access to the Labor Market in the Conflicted Region
    • Challenges to Returnees
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgment
    • Notes
    • References
  • Index
  • About the Editors and Contributors