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Botany, production and uses.
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"Guava is considered a minor tropical fruit (together with lychee, longan, durian etc.), although is the largest in terms of output. This is the first comprehensive book authored by an international team of experts, and covers botany, biotechnology, propagation, production, pests and diseases, postharvest, and processing"--.
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Table of Contents
- Cover
- Guava
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Psidium guajava L.: Taxonomy, Relatives and Possible Origin
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Geography
- 1.3 Taxonomy
- 1.3.1 Leaf venation
- 1.3.2 Twig shape
- 1.3.3 Flower size
- 1.3.4 Calyx
- 1.3.5 Ovary and ovules
- 1.3.6 Fruits and seeds
- 1.4 Chromosome Number and Genome Size
- 1.5 Phytochemistry and Medicinal Uses
- 1.6 What are the Closest Relatives of Psidium guajava?
- 1.7 Method for Development Key to Species Complexes
- 1.8 Key to the Species Complexes of Psidium
- 1.9 Key to Species of Psidium guajava Complex
- 1.10 Psidium guajava L., Sp. Pl. 470. 1753. TYPE: ‘Habitat in India’, Cultivated Plant from Hortus Cliffortianus (LECTOTYPE: BM-628598)
- 1.11 Gallery of Psidium Species
- References
- 2 Production and Trade
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Guava Production, Trade and Consumption
- 2.2.1 Area harvested and world production
- 2.2.2 Global trade – exports and imports
- 2.2.3 US production
- 2.2.4 US imports
- 2.2.5 US market wholesale prices
- 2.2.6 European market
- 2.2.7 Market outlook
- References
- 3 Composition and Processing
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Composition
- 3.2.1 Minerals
- 3.2.2 Sugars
- 3.2.3 Dietary fibre and pectin
- 3.2.4 Protein and fat
- 3.2.5 Vitamins
- 3.2.6 Phenolic compounds
- 3.2.7 Organic acids
- 3.2.8 Volatile components
- 3.2.9 Pharmacological value
- 3.3 Processing and Value Addition
- 3.3.1 Pulp/purée
- 3.3.2 Juice
- 3.3.3 Squash
- 3.3.4 Nectar
- 3.3.5 Ready-to-serve beverages
- 3.3.6 Jam, jelly and preserve
- 3.3.7 Toffee/candy
- 3.3.8 Dehydrated products
- 3.3.9 Leather/bar
- 3.3.10 Cheese
- 3.3.11 Minimally processed/fresh-cut fruit
- 3.3.12 Canned slices
- 3.3.13 Fermented beverages
- 3.4 Conclusion
- References
- 4 Propagation
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Seed
- 4.2.1 Raising seedlings
- 4.3 Stem Cuttings
- 4.4 Root Cuttings
- 4.5 Air Layering
- 4.6 Stooling
- 4.7 Grafting
- 4.8 Budding
- 4.9 Rootstock
- 4.9.1 Rootstock–scion interaction
- 4.10 In vitro Propagation
- 4.10.1 Organogenesis
- 4.10.2 Embryogenesis
- 4.11 Conclusions
- References
- 5 Biotechnology
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Euploidy in Psidium Species and Variation in Genome Size
- 5.3 Genomic Resources
- 5.4 Molecular Marker Systems and Their Applications in Guava Germplasm Characterization
- 5.5 Development of Mapping Populations, Linkage Analysis and QTL Mapping
- 5.6 Use of Biotechnological Tools in Development and Characterization of Wilt-Resistant Rootstocks
- 5.7 Structural Genomics
- 5.8 Functional Genomics
- 5.9 Metabolomics in Guava Improvement Programmes
- 5.10 Molecular Diagnostics of Pathogens Causing Diseases in Guava
- 5.11 Molecular Cloning and Gene Tagging for Specific Traits
- 5.12 Genetic Transformation
- 5.13 Conclusion and Future Directions
- References
- 6 Cultivars and Plant Improvement
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Psidium Species Used
in Breeding
- 6.2.1 Psidium cattleyanum Sabine
- 6.2.2 Psidium guineense
- 6.2.3 Psidium acutangulum D.C.
- 6.2.4 Psidium friedrichsthalianum Niedenzu
- 6.2.5 Psidium angulatum
- 6.2.6 Psidium littorale
- 6.3 Breeding Objectives
- 6.4 Introduction and Selection
- 6.4.1 Inheritance pattern
- 6.5 Interspecific Hybridization
- 6.6 Hybridization
- 6.6.1 Hybridization technique
- 6.6.2 Intervarietal hybridization
- 6.7 Polyploidy
- 6.8 Mutation
- 6.9 Breeding for Disease and Nematode Resistance
- 6.10 Molecular Characterization
- 6.11 Cultivars Growing in Different Countries
- 6.11.1 Brazil
- ‘Paluma’
- ‘Rica’
- ‘Pedro Sato’
- ‘Cortibel’ cultivars (‘Cortibel RM’ and ‘Cortibel SLG’)
- ‘Seculo XXI’
- 6.11.2 China
- ‘Xiguahong’
- ‘ZenZhu’
- ‘Jindouxiang’
- 6.11.3 Egypt
- ‘El-Sabahia’
- ‘El-Fakous’
- ‘El-Mobaker’
- ‘El-Banati’
- ‘Malaysian Red’
- ‘Winter’
- 6.11.4 India
- ‘Allahabad Safeda’
- ‘Apple Colour’
- ‘Allahabad Surkha’
- ‘Apple Guava’
- ‘Harijiha’
- ‘Sardar’ (‘Lucknow-49’)
- ‘Seedless’
- ‘Arka Mridula’
- ‘Lalit’
- ‘Swetha’
- ‘Lalima’
- ‘Dhawal’
- ‘Pant Prabhat’
- ‘Chittidar’
- ‘Safed Jam’
- ‘Kohir Safeda’
- ‘Arka Amulya’
- ‘Arka Kiran’
- ‘Arka Rashmi’
- ‘Arka Poorna’
- ‘Hisar Safeda’
- ‘Hisar Surkha’
- ‘Punjab Pink’
- ‘Punjab Kiran’
- ‘Punjab Safeda’
- 6.11.5 Israel
- ‘Ben-Dov’
- 6.11.6 Malaysia
- ‘GU-8’ (‘Jambu Kampuchea’)
- ‘GU-10’ (‘Klom Sali’)
- ‘GU-12’ (‘Buah Hati Seronok’)
- ‘GU-13’ (‘Dam Rung’)
- ‘GU-14’ (TCG or ‘Thai Cambodian Guava’)
- ‘GU-15’ (‘Jade Seedless’)
- 6.11.7 Mexico
- ‘Media China’
- ‘Peruana’
- 6.11.8 Pakistan
- ‘Gola’
- ‘Surahi’
- 6.11.9 South Africa
- ‘Fan Retief’
- ‘TSG2’
- 6.11.10 Taiwan
- ‘Tainung No. 1’ (‘Diwang Ba’)
- ‘Century’
- ‘Crystal’
- ‘Jen-Ju’ (‘Pearl Guava’)
- ‘Supreme’
- ‘Rainbow’
- ‘Sweet Green’
- 6.11.11 Thailand
- ‘Pan Si Thong’
- ‘Klom Sa Lee’
- ‘Sam See Krob’
- ‘Phet Pu Thon’
- ‘Den Khun Wang’
- 6.11.12 USA
- ‘Blitch’
- ‘Patillo’
- ‘Beaumont’
- ‘Ruby’
- ‘Redland’
- ‘Ka Hua Kula’
- ‘Ruby’ × (‘Ruby’ × ‘Supreme’)
- 6.11.13 Vietnam
- ‘Leld-tc15’
- ‘Nu Hoang’
- ‘Tran Chau’
- ‘Tim’
- 6.11.1 Brazil
- 6.12 Conclusion
- References
- 7 Plant Nutrition and Irrigation
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Soil
- 7.3 Salinity
- 7.4 Nutrient Uptake
- 7.5 Role of Nutrients
- 7.5.1 Nitrogen
- 7.5.2 Phosphorus
- 7.5.3 Potassium
- 7.5.4 Calcium
- 7.5.5 Zinc
- 7.5.6 Boron
- 7.6 Fertilizer Rates and Time of Application
- 7.7 Foliar Application of Nutrients
- 7.8 Integrated Nutrient Management
- 7.9 Tissue Analysis
- 7.10 Organic Production
- 7.11 Water Management
- 7.11.1 Fertigation
- 7.12 Conclusion
- References
- 8 Orchard Management
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Planting System
- 8.3 Planting Density
- 8.3.1 High-density planting
- 8.3.2 Meadow orchard
- 8.4 Training and Pruning
- 8.4.1 Canopy management
- 8.4.2 Time and intensity of pruning
- 8.4.3 Rejuvenation of old and senile orchards
- 8.5 Intercropping
- 8.6 Weed Control
- 8.6.1 Weed control in the nursery
- 8.6.2 Weed control in the orchard
- 8.6.3 Cover crops
- 8.6.4 Surface mulching
- 8.6.5 Mowing
- 8.6.6 Use of herbicides
- 8.7 Conclusion
- References
- 9 Flowering
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Phenology and Shoot Development
- 9.3 Anthesis
- 9.3.1 Dehiscence
- 9.3.2 Pollen
- 9.4 Pollination
- 9.5 Flowering
- 9.5.1 Effect of temperature on flowering
- 9.5.2 Nutritional effects on flowering
- 9.6 Regulation of Flowering
- 9.6.1 Water management to induce stress
- 9.6.2 Pruning of shoots
- 9.6.3 Training (bending) of shoots
- 9.6.4 Flower and fruit thinning by chemicals
- 9.7 Conclusion
- References
- 10 Fruit Set, Development and Maturation
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Fruit
- 10.3 Fruit Set and Fruit Growth
- 10.4 Fruit Drop
- 10.5 Harvesting
- 10.6 Yield
- 10.7 Fruit Quality
- 10.7.1 Total soluble solids
- 10.7.2 Total acids
- 10.7.3 Ascorbic acid
- 10.8 Conclusion
- References
- 11 Physiological Disorders
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Bronzing
- 11.3 Chilling Injury
- 11.4 External (Skin) and Internal (Flesh) Browning
- 11.5 Fruit Drop
- 11.6 Nutrient Imbalances and Deficiency Disorders
- 11.7 Sunscald
- 11.8 Other Disorders
- 11.9 Conclusion
- References
- 12 Photosynthesis and Productivity
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Physiology
- 12.2.1 Leaf growth and photosynthesis
- 12.2.2 Photosynthetic aptitude of cultivars
- Fruit photosynthesis
- 12.2.3 Biochemical regulation
of photosynthesis and fruit yield
- Carbohydrate balance and seasonal trends
- 12.3 Hormonal Regulation
- 12.3.1 Plant growth
- 12.3.2 Fruit characteristics
- 12.4 Physiological Growth of Fruit
- 12.5 Pruning Physiology and Phenological Aberration
- 12.6 Physiological Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide After Pruning
- 12.7 Influence of Light Intensity on Growth and Development of Guava
- 12.7.1 Light and tree physiology
- 12.7.2 Photosynthetic characteristics
- 12.7.3 Light interception and distribution
- 12.7.4 Light interception and quality yield of guava in canopy-modified trees
- 12.8 Light Quality Management
in Orchards
- 12.8.1 Light quality composition
- 12.8.2 Leaf morphology and function
- 12.8.3 Influence of light quality on growth and development
- Fruit colour development
- 12.9 Manipulation of Light Quality in Orchards
- 12.10 Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality
- 12.10.1 Photosynthesis as influenced by sink activity (crop load)
- 12.10.2 Photosynthesis as influenced by pruning
- 12.10.3 Photosynthates translocation as influenced by shoot bending
- 12.10.4 Photosynthetic process as influenced by plant growth regulators
- 12.10.5 Photosynthesis and fruit quality as influenced by mineral nutrients and irrigation
- 12.11 Environmental Effects on Productivity
- 12.12 Summary
- 12.13 Future Lines of Work
- References
- 13 Pests
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
- 13.2.1 Distribution
- Anastrepha
- Bactrocera
- Ceratitis
- 13.2.2 Biology, ecology and behaviour
- 13.2.3 Management
- Cultural practices
- Tolerant cultivars
- Trapping
- 13.2.4 Control strategies
- Direct control strategies
- Postharvest treatments
- 13.2.1 Distribution
- 13.3 Coleoptera
- 13.3.1 Conotrachelus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
- Distribution
- Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Management
- 13.3.2 Aristobia spp. (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae)
- Distribution
- Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Management
- 13.4 Moths and caterpillars
- 13.4.1 Indarbela spp. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
- Distribution
- Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Management
- 13.3.1 Conotrachelus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
- 13.4.2 Strepsicrates spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
- Distribution
- Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Management
- 13.5 Mealybugs and Scales
- 13.5.1 Distribution
- 13.5.2 Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Mealybugs
- Scales
- 13.5.3 Management
- 13.6 Thrips
- 13.6.1 Red-banded thrip, Selenothrips rubrocinctus
- Distribution
- Biology, ecology and behaviour
- Management
- 13.6.1 Red-banded thrip, Selenothrips rubrocinctus
- 13.7 Other Minor Pests
- 13.8 Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 14 Nematodes
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Synonymization of Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 with Meloidogyne mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988
- 14.3 Methods of Identifying Meloidogyne Species
- 14.4 Life Cycle and Host–Parasite Relationships
- 14.4.1 Symptoms, damage and dissemination
- 14.4.2 Host status of cover crops, maize and fruit plants for Meloidogyne enterolobii
- 14.5 Resistance in Psidium spp. to Root-knot Nematodes
- 14.6 New Prospects Using Genetic Resistance in Brazil
- 14.7 Management Strategies
- 14.8 Conclusions
- References
- 15 Diseases
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Wilt
- 15.2.1 Geographical distribution
- 15.2.2 Losses
- 15.2.3 Symptoms
- 15.2.4 Causal organism
- 15.2.5 Epidemiology
- 15.2.6 Histopathology
- 15.2.7 Disease management
- Disease management through chemicals
- Disease management through cultural practices
- Disease management through varietal resistance and rootstock
- Disease management through bioagents
- Integrated eco-friendly approach
- 15.3 Anthracnose
- 15.3.1 Pathogen (Gloeosporium psidii Delacroix = Glomerella psidii (Del.) Sheld./Colletotrichum psidii Curzi; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides teleomorph Glomerella cingulata)
- 15.3.2 Dieback phase
- Symptoms
- Disease management
- 15.3.3 Fruit and leaf infection phase
- Pathogen
- Symptoms
- Disease management
- 15.4 Canker
- 15.4.1 Pathogen (Pestalotia psidii Pat., Pestalotiopsis psidii (Pat.) Mordue, Pestalotiopsis clavispora (Atk.) Steyaert, Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) Batista & Peres, Pestalotiopsis sp. GJ-1 and Pestalotiopsis disseminata (von Thümen) Steyaert, Neo
- 15.4.2 Symptoms
- 15.4.3 Disease management
- 15.5 Algal Leaf and Fruit Spot
- 15.5.1 Pathogen (Cephaleuros virescens Kunze ex E.M. Fries (= Cephaleuros mycoidea Karst.), Cephaleuros parasiticus Karsten)
- 15.5.2 Symptoms
- 15.5.3 Disease management
- 15.6 Stem Canker/Bark Canker
- 15.6.1 Pathogen (Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans = Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.; perfect stage Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & Curtis) Arx; Physalospora psidii Stevens & Pierce)
- 15.6.2 Symptoms
- 15.6.3 Disease management
- 15.7 Phoma Leaf Blight
- 15.7.1 Pathogen (Phoma jolyana Priozy and Morg.; now Didymella musae (P. Joly) Q. Chen & L. Cai)
- 15.7.2 Symptoms
- 15.7.3 Disease management
- 15.8 Cercospora Leaf Spot
- 15.8.1 Pathogen (Cercospora sawadae Yamamoto; now Pseudocercospora sawadae (W. Yamam.) Goh & W.H. Hsieh)
- 15.8.2 Symptoms
- 15.8.3 Disease management
- 15.9 Pestalotia Leaf Spot
- 15.9.1 Pathogen (Pestalotia jodhpurensis Bilgrami and Purohit)
- 15.9.2 Symptoms
- 15.9.3 Disease management
- 15.10 Curvularia Leaf Spot
- 15.10.1 Pathogen (Curvularia siddiquii Ahmed et Quraishi)
- 15.10.2 Symptoms
- 15.10.3 Disease management
- 15.11 Pestalotiopsis Leaf Spot
- 15.11.1 Pathogen (Pestalotiopsis psidii) (Pat.) Mordue; Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) Steyaert
- 15.11.2 Symptoms
- 15.11.3 Disease management
- 15.12 Pseudocercospora Leaf Spot
- 15.12.1 Pathogen (Pseudocercospora psidii)
- 15.12.2 Symptoms
- 15.12.3 Disease management
- 15.13 Rust of Guava
- 15.13.1 Geographical distribution
- 15.13.2 Losses
- 15.13.3 Symptoms
- 15.13.4 Pathogen (Puccinia psidii G. Winter; now Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) Beenken)
- 15.13.5 Life cycle
- 15.13.6 Epidemiology
- 15.13.7 Disease management
- 15.14 Damping Off of Seedlings
- 15.14.1 Pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn; Rhizoctonia sp.)
- 15.14.2 Symptoms
- 15.14.3 Disease management
- 15.15 Clitocybe Root Rot
- 15.15.1 Pathogen (Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres.)
- 15.16 Phytophthora Fruit Rot
- 15.16.1 Pathogen (Phytophthora parasitica Dastur/Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterh.; Phytophthora citricola Sawada)
- 15.16.2 Symptoms
- 15.16.3 Disease management
- 15.17 Diplodia Dry Rot
- 15.17.1 Pathogen (Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans)
- 15.17.2 Symptoms
- 15.17.3 Disease management
- 15.18 Phomopsis Fruit Rot
- 15.18.1 Pathogen (Phomopsis destructum; Phomopsis psidii)
- 15.18.2 Symptoms
- 15.18.3 Disease management
- 15.19 Guignardia Fruit Rot
- 15.19.1 Pathogen (Guignardia psidii Ullasa & Rawal; Guignardia mangiferae Roy)
- 15.19.2 Symptoms
- 15.20 Pestalotia Fruit Rot
- 15.20.1 Pestalotia psidii Pat.
- Symptoms
- Disease management
- 15.20.2 Pestalotia olivacea Guba
- Pathogen
- Symptoms
- 15.20.1 Pestalotia psidii Pat.
- 15.21 Stylar End Rot
- 15.21.1 Pathogen (Phomopsis psidii de Camara)
- 15.21.2 Symptoms
- 15.21.3 Disease management
- 15.22 Sour Rot
- 15.22.1 Pathogen (Geotrichum candidum Link ex Pers.)
- 15.23 Soft Watery Rot
- 15.23.1 Pathogen (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)
- 15.23.2 Symptoms
- 15.23.3 Disease management
- 15.24 Aspergillus Soft Rot
- 15.24.1 Aspergillus awamori Nakazawa
- Symptoms
- Disease management
- 15.24.2 Aspergillus wentii
- 15.24.3 Aspergillus niger
- 15.24.1 Aspergillus awamori Nakazawa
- 15.25 Pestalotiopsis Rot
- 15.25.1 Pathogen (Pestalotiopsis psidii)
- 15.26 Fusarial Rot
- 15.26.1 Pathogen (Fusarium equiseti; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium moniliforme var. intermedium)
- 15.27 Rhizopus Fruit Rot
- 15.27.1 Pathogen (Rhizopus stolonifer (Fr.) Lind.; Rhizopus oryzae)
- 15.27.2 Symptoms
- 15.28 Mucor Fruit Rot
- 15.28.1 Pathogen (Mucor hiemalis Wehmer)
- 15.28.2 Symptoms
- 15.29 Controlling Fruit Rots
- 15.30 Conclusion
- References
- 16 Postharvest Physiology and Storage
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Maturity Indices
- 16.3 Postharvest Physiology
- 16.3.1 Respiration and ethylene production
- 16.3.2 Physicochemical changes during ripening
- Change in colour
- Change in texture
- Changes in starch, soluble solids content and total sugars
- Change in acidity
- Change in polyphenols
- Change in volatile compounds
- 16.4 Storage
- 16.4.1 Low-temperature storage
- 16.4.2 Controlled-atmosphere storage
- 16.4.3 Modified-atmosphere storage
- 16.4.4 Edible coatings
- 16.4.5 Hot-water treatment
- 16.4.6 Calcium treatment
- 16.4.7 Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene
- 16.4.8 Irradiation treatment
- 16.5 Postharvest Pathology
- 16.6 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- Back Cover
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