"A practical guide to bees and how they pollinate essential crops. Provides simple, succinct advice on how to increase bee abundance and pollination. Very useful for farmers, horticulturalists, gardeners, and those interested in insect ecology and conservation, including students of entomology and crop protection"--.

• Cover
• Crop Pollination by Bees, Volume 1Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Author Biography
• Preface to the 2000 Edition
• Preface to the 2021 Edition
• Acknowledgements
• 1  Angiosperms and Bees: The Evolutionary Bases of Crop Pollination
  • 1.1. Sex: Diversity with Stability
  • 1.2. Sex in the Gymnosperms
  • 1.3. Flower Morphology and Fertilization
  • 1.4. Evolution of the Flower
  • 1.5. Coevolution of Animal Pollinators and the Flower
  • 1.6. Insect Flower Visitors and the Significance of Bees
  • Notes
• 2  Biology of Bees
  • 2.1. Bee Fundamentals
  • 2.2. Solitary Bees
  • 2.3. Social Bees
  • 2.4. A Word About Pollinator Efficacy and its Labels
  • 2.5. Effects of Non-Native Bee Species
• 3  What Makes a Good Pollinator?
  • 3.1. Pollinator Efficiency
  • 3.2. Pollination Performance from the Perspective of the Bee
  • 3.3. Pollinator Dependency from the Perspective of the Plant
    • 3.3.1. Breeding systems
    • 3.3.2. Flower and fruit morphology
  • 3.4. Pollinator Performance from the Perspective of Foraging Ecology
    • 3.4.1. Theoretical foundations
    • 3.4.2. Taxon-based differences in bee flight distance
    • 3.4.3. Morphological considerations
    • 3.4.4. Forager behaviour in rich and poor habitats
  • Notes
• 4  Economic and Ecosystem Benefits of Bee Pollination
  • 4.1. Worldwide Production Trends for Bee-Pollinated Crops
  • 4.2. Quality Properties Distinctive to Bee-Pollinated Crops
  • 4.3. Value of Optimizing Pollination in Bee-Pollinated Crops
  • 4.4. Efforts at Valuing Bee Pollination Across Geographic Scales
    • 4.4.1. Economic value of insect pollination
    • 4.4.2. Attributable net income
    • 4.4.3. Replacement value
    • 4.4.4. Consumer surplus
    • 4.4.5. Computable general equilibrium
    • 4.4.6. Higher-order dependence
    • 4.4.7. Stated preference or willingness to pay
  • 4.5. Other Ecosystem Services Provided by Bees
  • Note
• 5  State of the World’s Bee Pollinators and the Consequences for Crop Pollination
  • 5.1. Bee Decline: Evidence Over Hyperbole
  • 5.2. Bee Decline Examined
    • 5.2.1. Interactions between landscape alteration and agricultural intensification
    • 5.2.2. Interactions between landscape alteration and non-native species
    • 5.2.3. Interactions between pathogens and managed bees
    • 5.2.4. Interactions between artefacts of agricultural intensification
      • 5.2.4.1. Nutrient stress
      • 5.2.4.2. Pesticides and other agrochemicals
      • 5.2.4.3. Pathogen on pathogen interactions
      • 5.2.4.4. Direct effects of agricultural intensification on bee pathogens
    • 5.2.5. Interactions between climate change, landscape alteration and agricultural intensification
  • 5.3. Modelled Predictions of Bee Decline
  • 5.4. Bee Decline and Impacts on Pollination
    • 5.4.1. Pollination deficit from sick bees
    • 5.4.2. Pollination deficit from bee shortage
  • Note
• 6  Applied Bee Conservation
  • 6.1. Natural Bee Habitats
  • 6.2. Restored Bee Habitats
    • 6.2.1. Plant lists
    • 6.2.2. Importance of season-long bloom
    • 6.2.3. Importance of native perennials as bee pasture plants
    • 6.2.4. Importance of age and diversity of restorative plantings
• 7  Honeybees: Their Biology, Culture and Management for Pollination
  • 7.1. Bee Colony and Beekeeper Demographics
  • 7.2. Honeybee Biology
  • 7.3. Honeybees as Pollinators
    • 7.3.1. Synergies with other bee species
    • 7.3.2. Africanized honeybees and pollination
  • 7.4. Simplified Beekeeping for Pollination
    • 7.4.1. Basic hive parts and configuration
    • 7.4.2. Other required beekeeping equipment
    • 7.4.3. Buying colonies
    • 7.4.4. Installing package bees
    • 7.4.5. Minimum hive management
  • 7.5. Managing Honeybees for Pollination
    • 7.5.1. A good pollinating hive
    • 7.5.2. Moving hives
    • 7.5.3. Timing
    • 7.5.4. Irrigation and bee activity
    • 7.5.5. Recommended bee densities
    • 7.5.6. Hive placement
    • 7.5.7. Non-crop or ‘competing’ bloom
    • 7.5.8. Pollen or biocontrol dispensers
    • 7.5.9. Pollen traps
    • 7.5.10. Honeybee attractants
    • Notes
• 8 Bumble Bees: Their Biology, Culture and Management for Pollination
  • 8.1. The Genus Bombus
  • 8.2. Bumble Bee Biology
  • 8.3. Bumble Bees as Pollinators
  • 8.4. Conserving Wild Bumble Bees
  • 8.5. Rearing Bumble Bees
    • 8.5.1. Hiving colonies from the field
    • 8.5.2. Providing artificial nesting sites in the field
    • 8.5.3. Rearing bumble bees year-round
      • 8.5.3.1. Honeybees as a source of pollen and surrogate workers
      • 8.5.3.2. The queen starter box
      • 8.5.3.3. The finisher box
      • 8.5.3.4. Ambient rearing conditions
      • 8.5.3.5. Feeding colonies in captivity
      • 8.5.3.6. Catching queens and initiating nests
      • 8.5.3.7. Graduating incipient colonies to finisher boxes
      • 8.5.3.8. Graduating colonies into pollination units
      • 8.5.3.9. Mating queens and inducing incubation
      • 8.5.3.10. Activating second-generation queens
  • 8.6. Managing Hived Bumble Bees for Pollination
    • 8.6.1. Managing bumble bees in the field
    • 8.6.2. Managing bumble bees in the greenhouse
• 9 Managed Solitary Bees
  • 9.1. Alfalfa Leafcutting Beesi
    • 9.1.1. Biology
    • 9.1.2. Alfalfa leafcutting bees as pollinators
    • 9.1.3. Recommended bee densities
    • 9.1.4. Rearing and managing alfalfa leafcutting bees
      • 9.1.4.1. Cold storage and incubation
      • 9.1.4.2. Nesting materials and shelters
      • 9.1.4.3. Loose-cell rearing system
      • 9.1.4.4. Solid wood/phaseout rearing system
      • 9.1.4.5. Alfalfa leafcutting bee enemies
  • 9.2. Alkali Beesi
    • 9.2.1. Biology
    • 9.2.2. Alkali bees as pollinators
    • 9.2.3. Recommended bee densities
    • 9.2.4. Qualities of good nesting sites
      • 9.2.4.1. Soil moisture
      • 9.2.4.2. Soil composition and texture
      • 9.2.4.3. Vegetation
    • 9.2.5. Building or enhancing bee beds
      • 9.2.5.1. Natural/semi-natural (open-ditched) beds
      • 9.2.5.2. Semi-artificial (pipeline) beds
      • 9.2.5.3. Artificial (plastic-lined) beds
    • 9.2.6. Surface moisture
    • 9.2.7. Late-season moisture
    • 9.2.8. Surface salting
    • 9.2.9. Vegetation management
    • 9.2.10. Attracting and establishing bees
  • 9.3. Orchard Mason Bees
    • 9.3.1. Biology
    • 9.3.2. Orchard mason bees as pollinators
    • 9.3.3. Rearing and managing orchard mason bees
  • Note
• 10 Wild Bees
  • 10.1. Wild Bees as Pollinators
  • 10.2. Drivers of Wild Bee Abundance and Pollination Performance at Crops
• 11  Stingless Bees, Tribe Meliponini
  • 11.1. Stingless Bee Biology
  • 11.2. Stingless Bees as Pollinators
  • 11.3. Meliponiculture
• References
• Index
• Back Cover