"This book argues that civil wars in Africa stem from the contradictions and crises that have been generated by the post-colonial state as the result of the adverse effects of colonialism and the failure of successive generations of African leaders to lead the process of changing the state's nature, character, and mission"--.

• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of Figures and Tables
  • Figure
  • Tables
• Preface
• Part I: Background
• Introduction
  • Introduction
  • Colonialism and Intrastate Wars in Africa
  • Territorial Imperatives of States and Civil Wars in Africa
  • Effects of Externally Imposed Territorial Boundaries
  • Population Concentration and Civil Conflicts
  • The Focus of the Book and Methodology
  • The Organization of the Book
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Chapter 1: Theories and Explanations of Civil Conflicts and Wars in Africa
  • Origins of Civil Wars in Africa
  • Contending Explanations of Civil Wars in Africa
    • Structural Explanations of Civil Wars in Africa
    • Modified Structural Realism
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Part II: Case Studies
• Chapter 2: Burundi: A Continuum of Civil Wars and Violence
  • Theoretical Framework
  • Geopolitics: Forcing Civil Wars and Genocides
  • The First Civil War: A Ticking Time Bomb Released, 1961–1966
  • Tutsi and Hutu Power Struggles: Violent Entanglement
  • The Second Civil War: Tutsi-Dominated UPRONA Government, 1966–1976
    • International Aid Fueling Micombero’s Dictatorship
  • Third Civil War: UPRONA Government, 1976–1987
  • Fourth Civil War: UPRONA Tutsi-led Government 1987–1992
  • Fifth Civil War: UPRONA Weakened—Hutu Dominance 1993–2005
  • Avoiding a Sixth Civil War: Diplomatic Efforts, 1994–1995
  • Ethnopolitics and Power Fits of UPRONA
  • The Return of Buyoya in 1996
  • Multilateral International Diplomatic Involvement
  • The Arusha Negotiations and the Burundi Power-Sharing Government Model, 1998–2004
  • Ethnic Inclusivity: A Trump Card for CNDD-FDD
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Chapter 3: Civil War in Cameroon
  • Historical Development
  • The Postcolonial Era: The Ahidjo and Biya Regimes
  • The Current Civil War
    • The Dynamics of the Civil War
    • Transitional Justice
    • Imputing a Genocidal Intent?
  • Moving beyond a Conflict-Torn Cameroon: The Need to Shape the Future
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 4: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conflict: A Study of the Tuobodom Chieftaincy in Ghana
  • Problematizing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  • Methodology
  • The Civil Conflict in Tuobodom
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Policy Implications
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 5: Liberia’s Civil Wars
  • The First Civil War (1989–1997)
    • The Major Causes of the War
      • The Settler Phase
      • The Peripheral Capitalist Phase
      • Portrait
      • The Crises of the State
      • The Cultural Crises
      • The Economic Crises
      • The Political Crises
      • The “Hegemonic Presidency”
      • The Violation of Political Human Rights
      • The Social Crises
    • The Major Forces
      • The Internal Forces
      • The External Forces
    • The End of the First Liberian Civil War
  • The Second Civil War (1999–2003)
    • The Major Causes of the War
      • Cultural Failure
      • Economic Failure
      • Political Failure
      • The “Hegemonic Presidency”
      • Political Human Rights
      • Security Failure
      • Social Failure
      • Health Care
    • The Major Forces
      • The Internal Forces
      • The External Forces
    • The Termination of the Second Civil War
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Chapter 6: Personality Conflicts and the Nigerian Civil War
  • Personality Conflicts in Nigerian Politics in the Pre-Independence Era
  • Personality Conflicts in Nigerian Politics in the First Republic, 1960–1966
  • Personality Conflicts in the Post-January 1966 Military Coup Era
  • Reactions to the Fate of Coup Plotters
  • Personality Conflicts in the Post-July Military Coup Era, July 29, 1966, Coup
  • The Emergence of General Yakubu Gowon as Head of State and the Reactions of Lt. Col. Ojukwu
  • The Gowon-Ojukwu Personality Conflict and the Nigerian Civil War
  • The Creation of Twelve States
  • General Gowon and Lt. Col. Ojukwu’s Ambitions
  • Ojukwu Declaration of the Republic of Biafra
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 7: On Rwanda’s Civil War (October 1, 1990–April 6, 1994): Assessing the International Determinant
  • Civil War in Rwanda and the Theory
  • The Ideology: How the International Dynamics Shaped the Rwandan Civil War
    • The Effects of Colonization on Rwanda’s Security Dynamics
  • The Material Composition of the War: How International Actors Built It Up
    • France’s Overreach in the Conflict
    • France’s Calculations in the War
    • The Ugandan Hand and Invisibility of Great Britain in the War
    • The War, a Skewed International System, More External Actors, and an Arm Race in Rwanda
  • The Geopolitical Character of the War: Manifestations of Anglo-French Rivalry
    • France’s Geopolitical Obduracy and Rwanda’s Misfortunes
    • The British Indirect Hand: Objectives, Success, and the Cost
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Chapter 8: The Sierra Leonean Civil War: An Examination of Internal, Regional, and External Causes
  • Long-Term Historical Antecedents of the Civil War
  • Structural Violence and National Developments as Short-Term Causes of War
    • National Sources of Sierra Leone’s Civil War
  • From Structural Violence to Immiseration and Civil Strife
  • Immediate and Precipitating External Causes of War
  • Child Soldiers and Irregular Warfare Element of the War
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 9: The South Sudanese Civil War
  • The Context
  • Sources of “Complex Mixed Wars”
    • The New Wars and Conflicts
    • The Political Economy of War and Vandalism
    • Institutional Failure and Inequalities
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Chapter 10: The Colonial Roots of the Lord’s Resistance Army War in Postcolonial Northern Uganda
  • Explaining Postcolonial Armed Violence
  • Colonial Security Policy and Postcolonial Armed Violence
    • Military Service and Unity
    • Threat Perceptions
  • Armed Conflict in Acholiland: Militarized Unity, Threat Perceptions, and War Onset
    • Precolonial Decentralization in Acholiland
    • Acholi Overrepresentation in Colonial Armed Forces
    • Ethnicized Threats and Counterthreats
  • The Acholi and Northern Uganda Conflicts
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Part III: Lessons and Insights
• Conclusion
  • The Lessons
  • Insights: Toward War Avoidance in Africa
    • Background
    • The Drivers: Citizens and Leaders
    • State Reconstitution
    • Governance
    • Nationhood
    • Human Material Well-being
      • Poverty
      • Wealth and Income
      • Employment
      • Food Security
      • Housing
      • Water and Sanitation
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Index
• About the Editors and the Contributors